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RERA - ANSWER ✔✔Respiratory effort-related arousal
Score a RERA when - ANSWER ✔✔1. Breathing for at least 10
seconds shows increasing RIP amplitudes or flattening of the nasal
pressure signal followed by an arousal
2. The event is not an apnea or hypopneas
Hypoventilation is scored when - ANSWER ✔✔1. End-tidal CO2 or
transuctaneous CO2 rises 10 mmHG above the level recorded with
patient awake and lying down
,2. Low oxygen desaturation is not enough to score hypoventilation
Score Cheyne Stokes breathing when - ANSWER ✔✔There are at
least 3 cycles of rising and falling breathing amplitude and at least 1 of
the following:
1. 5 or more central apneas/hr of sleep
2. The rising and falling pattern lasts at least 10 min
EEG Arousal - ANSWER ✔✔-An abrupt shift in EEG frequency, which
may include theta, alpha, or frequencies > than 16 HZ but not spindles,
that lasts for 3 or more secs.
-Must follow at least 10 secs of sleep
-Arousals may be scored from either central or occipital channels
Arousals in REM require an increased in - ANSWER ✔✔Chin tone
Physiological changes that may accompany Arousals - ANSWER
✔✔-Increased in EEG frequency
-K complex followed by a shift in EEG frequency
-Increased in chin tone
-Hypernea
-Increase in heart rate
,-Eye blinks
-Evidence of body movement
-Electrode popping
Hypernea - ANSWER ✔✔Increases in breathing rate or volume
Score a hypopnea when(1) - ANSWER ✔✔1. The nasal pressure
amplitude drops by at least 30% of baseline
2. The duration of the drop is at least 10 secs.
3. There is at least a 4% desaturation
4. At least 90% of the event duration meets the amplitude criteria
Score a hypopnea when (2) - ANSWER ✔✔1. The nasal pressure
amplitude drops by at least 50% of baseline
2. The duration of the drop is at least 10 secs
3. There is at least a 3% desaturation or an arousal
4. At least 90% of the event duration meets the amplitude criteria
Sino-Atrial Node - ANSWER ✔✔-The dominant pacemaker of the
heart
-Sends an electrical impulse at regular intervals through the atria that
causes them to depolarize and contract (p-wave)
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, Atrio-Ventricular Node - ANSWER ✔✔-When the electrical impulse
reaches the the AV node it is slowed, creating a pause, this pause
allows the ventricles to have enough time to full up with blood
(represented by the flat line following the p-wave)
Bundle of HIS and Bundle Branches - ANSWER ✔✔-After being
slowed by the AV node, the electrical impulse rapidly moves through the
Bundle of HIS and then splits
-The impulse then travels down the left and right bundle branches to the
terminal ends of Purkinje Fibers and causes the ventricular myocardium
to depolarize and contract
-Represented by the QRS complex
Repolarization - ANSWER ✔✔After a contraction, the heart muscle
cells need time to return to their original state in order to initiate a new
contraction, this time required to complete this action is the
repolarization phase, represented by the ST segment and the T wave
Arrhythmia - ANSWER ✔✔An abnormal cardiac cycle conduction
pattern
Causes of arrhythmias - ANSWER ✔✔-Damage to tissues of the
conduction system