NR 601 High-Yield Final Exam Review (2025–2026)
Palliative & Hospice Care
Palliative care focuses on symptom relief at any stage. Hospice care is for life expectancy < 6
months. Opioids (e.g., morphine) are used for pain and dyspnea. Weekly home visits are not
guaranteed.
UTIs & GU
Women are more susceptible due to shorter urethra. Atrophic vaginitis increases UTI risk.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly: no treatment. Complicated UTI: urine culture & sensitivity.
Avoid prostate massage in acute prostatitis.
Diabetes Mellitus
Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL indicates diabetes. Prediabetes: lifestyle changes. T2DM: start
metformin. Metformin may cause GI upset. Acanthosis nigricans indicates insulin resistance.
Diabetes is leading cause of kidney failure.
Cardiovascular
Modifiable risks: diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia. HTN + DM: use ACE inhibitor (e.g., lisinopril).
Delirium vs Dementia
Delirium: acute, fluctuating, often infection. Dementia: gradual decline. First step: identify cause.
Screening: CAM (delirium), Mini-Cog (dementia).
Parkinson’s Disease
Resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, micrographia. Essential tremor occurs with movement.
Geriatric Pharmacology
Avoid amitriptyline and diphenhydramine due to anticholinergic effects.
Mental Health
Palliative & Hospice Care
Palliative care focuses on symptom relief at any stage. Hospice care is for life expectancy < 6
months. Opioids (e.g., morphine) are used for pain and dyspnea. Weekly home visits are not
guaranteed.
UTIs & GU
Women are more susceptible due to shorter urethra. Atrophic vaginitis increases UTI risk.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly: no treatment. Complicated UTI: urine culture & sensitivity.
Avoid prostate massage in acute prostatitis.
Diabetes Mellitus
Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL indicates diabetes. Prediabetes: lifestyle changes. T2DM: start
metformin. Metformin may cause GI upset. Acanthosis nigricans indicates insulin resistance.
Diabetes is leading cause of kidney failure.
Cardiovascular
Modifiable risks: diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia. HTN + DM: use ACE inhibitor (e.g., lisinopril).
Delirium vs Dementia
Delirium: acute, fluctuating, often infection. Dementia: gradual decline. First step: identify cause.
Screening: CAM (delirium), Mini-Cog (dementia).
Parkinson’s Disease
Resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, micrographia. Essential tremor occurs with movement.
Geriatric Pharmacology
Avoid amitriptyline and diphenhydramine due to anticholinergic effects.
Mental Health
