CNIH ENTRANCE CERTIFICATION SCRIPT
2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Sexual Reproduction.
Answer: Fusion of 2 sex cells - genetic makeup is combination of both
parents.
⩥ Advantages of Sexual Reproduction.
Answer: More genetic diversity.
⩥ Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction.
Answer: Takes long, requires more energy (finding parent, mating
techniques, etc.).
⩥ Trait.
Answer: Inherited characteristics - parents give their offspring
information in form of hereditary units called genes.
⩥ Genes.
Answer: A specific sequence of DNA that code for a trait
⩥ Genome.
,Answer: Tens of thousands of genes inherited from our parents make our
genome
⩥ Hereditary units.
Answer: Humans have 46 chromosomes in all Somatic (body) cells
23 chromosomes in each Gamete (sex cell)
One chromosome contains hundreds of thousands of genes, each of
which is a specific region on the DNA molecule.
⩥ Locus.
Answer: A gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome.
⩥ Life cycle.
Answer: Viewing history of an organism from conception to the
production of its own offspring.
⩥ Homologous Chromosomes.
Answer: Chromosomes that make up a pair, and share: same length,
same centromere position, same staining pattern.
One homologous chromosome from each pair is contributed from each
parent
⩥ Sex chromosomes.
,Answer: Females have X and X
Males have X and Y
⩥ Autosomes.
Answer: All chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.
⩥ Gametes.
Answer: Sex cells, or sperm or egg cells - each has 22 autosomes and
one X or Y chromosome.
⩥ Zygote.
Answer: First cell of new organism
A fertilized egg
Is a diploid
⩥ Meiosis.
Answer: Process of reducing chromosome set from diploid to haploid
and producing gametes.
Proceeded by interphase(S phase, G1 and G2) and divided into meiosis I
and meiosis II
⩥ Prophase I.
Answer: Chromatin begins condensing to chromosomes
, Synapsis: homologous chromosomes, each made up of two chromatids,
come together as pairs.
Each chromosome is now visible as tetrad, a complex of 4 chromosomes
⩥ Crossing over.
Answer: Chromosome, separate and rejoin transferring some DNA from
paternal chromosome to maternal
⩥ Metaphase I.
Answer: Chromosomes arrange in the middle of the cell
randomly(independent assortment).
Spindle fibres attached to centrosome complex are responsible for this
relocation
⩥ Anaphase I.
Answer: Homologous pairs are pulled apart to opposite poles, sister
chromatids still attached at centromere.
⩥ Telophase I.
Answer: Homologous chromosomes reach opposite poles - cell splits
cytoplasm in two and meiosis II begins.
⩥ Prophase II.
2026 FULL ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ Sexual Reproduction.
Answer: Fusion of 2 sex cells - genetic makeup is combination of both
parents.
⩥ Advantages of Sexual Reproduction.
Answer: More genetic diversity.
⩥ Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction.
Answer: Takes long, requires more energy (finding parent, mating
techniques, etc.).
⩥ Trait.
Answer: Inherited characteristics - parents give their offspring
information in form of hereditary units called genes.
⩥ Genes.
Answer: A specific sequence of DNA that code for a trait
⩥ Genome.
,Answer: Tens of thousands of genes inherited from our parents make our
genome
⩥ Hereditary units.
Answer: Humans have 46 chromosomes in all Somatic (body) cells
23 chromosomes in each Gamete (sex cell)
One chromosome contains hundreds of thousands of genes, each of
which is a specific region on the DNA molecule.
⩥ Locus.
Answer: A gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome.
⩥ Life cycle.
Answer: Viewing history of an organism from conception to the
production of its own offspring.
⩥ Homologous Chromosomes.
Answer: Chromosomes that make up a pair, and share: same length,
same centromere position, same staining pattern.
One homologous chromosome from each pair is contributed from each
parent
⩥ Sex chromosomes.
,Answer: Females have X and X
Males have X and Y
⩥ Autosomes.
Answer: All chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.
⩥ Gametes.
Answer: Sex cells, or sperm or egg cells - each has 22 autosomes and
one X or Y chromosome.
⩥ Zygote.
Answer: First cell of new organism
A fertilized egg
Is a diploid
⩥ Meiosis.
Answer: Process of reducing chromosome set from diploid to haploid
and producing gametes.
Proceeded by interphase(S phase, G1 and G2) and divided into meiosis I
and meiosis II
⩥ Prophase I.
Answer: Chromatin begins condensing to chromosomes
, Synapsis: homologous chromosomes, each made up of two chromatids,
come together as pairs.
Each chromosome is now visible as tetrad, a complex of 4 chromosomes
⩥ Crossing over.
Answer: Chromosome, separate and rejoin transferring some DNA from
paternal chromosome to maternal
⩥ Metaphase I.
Answer: Chromosomes arrange in the middle of the cell
randomly(independent assortment).
Spindle fibres attached to centrosome complex are responsible for this
relocation
⩥ Anaphase I.
Answer: Homologous pairs are pulled apart to opposite poles, sister
chromatids still attached at centromere.
⩥ Telophase I.
Answer: Homologous chromosomes reach opposite poles - cell splits
cytoplasm in two and meiosis II begins.
⩥ Prophase II.
