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SPCE 610 Final Comprehensive Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Punishment A consequence following a behavior that decreases the future likelihood of that
behavior occurring again. Must function to reduce behavior, not just be intended
as punishment.
Positive Punishment (Type I) Adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior that results in a decrease in that
behavior (e.g., verbal reprimand).
, Negative Punishment (Type II) Removing a preferred stimulus after a behavior that results in a decrease in that
behavior (e.g., taking away a tablet).
Key Note on Punishment "Positive" = adding a stimulus; "Negative" = removing a stimulus. These do NOT
mean good or bad.
Important Consideration (Punishment) Just because something is intended to punish a behavior does not mean it actually
functions as a punisher.
Cultural Humility Continuous self-reflection on one's own cultural identity, biases, and assumptions
while respecting and incorporating the client's culture into practice.
Components of Cultural Humility Self-reflection, openness to learning, respect for other cultures, awareness of
power imbalance in practitioner-client relationship.
Examples of Cultural Humility Asking about client values, adapting interventions, reflecting on biases, avoiding
assumptions about cultural participation.
Power Imbalance Awareness Recognizing that practitioners hold authority and ensuring clients feel safe,
respected, and empowered.
Personal Bias Unconscious preconceived beliefs or assumptions that affect decision-making
and treatment.
Confirmation Bias Seeking information that confirms existing beliefs, which can lead to incorrect
functional hypotheses.
Halo Effect Assuming positive traits in other areas based on one positive trait.
Horn Effect Assuming negative traits in other areas based on one negative trait.
Stereotyping Making assumptions about individuals based on group membership.
Attribution Bias Assuming behavior is due to personality rather than environmental variables.
Impact of Bias on Practice Leads to incorrect assessment, unethical treatment, and poor intervention
outcomes.
Review of Records (Purpose) Provides history of behavior, identifies reinforcers/punishers, reveals medical
factors, and shows past intervention effectiveness.
Educational Records IEPs, past interventions, accommodations, data charts.
Medical Records Diagnoses, medications, surgeries.
Historical Records Past therapies (OT, PT, SLP) and caregiver reports.
When to Review Records At the onset of the case to inform intervention planning.
SPCE 610 Final Comprehensive Study Guide UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Punishment A consequence following a behavior that decreases the future likelihood of that
behavior occurring again. Must function to reduce behavior, not just be intended
as punishment.
Positive Punishment (Type I) Adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior that results in a decrease in that
behavior (e.g., verbal reprimand).
, Negative Punishment (Type II) Removing a preferred stimulus after a behavior that results in a decrease in that
behavior (e.g., taking away a tablet).
Key Note on Punishment "Positive" = adding a stimulus; "Negative" = removing a stimulus. These do NOT
mean good or bad.
Important Consideration (Punishment) Just because something is intended to punish a behavior does not mean it actually
functions as a punisher.
Cultural Humility Continuous self-reflection on one's own cultural identity, biases, and assumptions
while respecting and incorporating the client's culture into practice.
Components of Cultural Humility Self-reflection, openness to learning, respect for other cultures, awareness of
power imbalance in practitioner-client relationship.
Examples of Cultural Humility Asking about client values, adapting interventions, reflecting on biases, avoiding
assumptions about cultural participation.
Power Imbalance Awareness Recognizing that practitioners hold authority and ensuring clients feel safe,
respected, and empowered.
Personal Bias Unconscious preconceived beliefs or assumptions that affect decision-making
and treatment.
Confirmation Bias Seeking information that confirms existing beliefs, which can lead to incorrect
functional hypotheses.
Halo Effect Assuming positive traits in other areas based on one positive trait.
Horn Effect Assuming negative traits in other areas based on one negative trait.
Stereotyping Making assumptions about individuals based on group membership.
Attribution Bias Assuming behavior is due to personality rather than environmental variables.
Impact of Bias on Practice Leads to incorrect assessment, unethical treatment, and poor intervention
outcomes.
Review of Records (Purpose) Provides history of behavior, identifies reinforcers/punishers, reveals medical
factors, and shows past intervention effectiveness.
Educational Records IEPs, past interventions, accommodations, data charts.
Medical Records Diagnoses, medications, surgeries.
Historical Records Past therapies (OT, PT, SLP) and caregiver reports.
When to Review Records At the onset of the case to inform intervention planning.
