NR 507 FINAL EXAM/NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LATEST
UPDATE 2026 WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Asthma -ANSWER-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma -ANSWER-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -ANSWER--airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity
and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles -ANSWER-smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the
alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles -ANSWER-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria -ANSWER-the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria -ANSWER-embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria -ANSWER-white blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -ANSWER-the WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host
tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain -ANSWER-columnar epithelial ells
and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain -ANSWER-smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do -ANSWER-control the airways ability to
constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation -ANSWER-When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? -ANSWER-the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -ANSWER--expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -ANSWER-tiotropium and ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? -ANSWER-These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma -ANSWER-the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis -ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis -ANSWER-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion -ANSWER-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion -ANSWER-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis -ANSWER-there is hypoxia due to unfavorable
conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting -ANSWER-when blood passes from the right ventricle through the
lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
UPDATE 2026 WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Asthma -ANSWER-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma -ANSWER-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -ANSWER--airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity
and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles -ANSWER-smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become the
alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles -ANSWER-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria -ANSWER-the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria -ANSWER-embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria -ANSWER-white blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -ANSWER-the WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages host
tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain -ANSWER-columnar epithelial ells
and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain -ANSWER-smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do -ANSWER-control the airways ability to
constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation -ANSWER-When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? -ANSWER-the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -ANSWER--expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -ANSWER-tiotropium and ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? -ANSWER-These drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma -ANSWER-the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial
constriction
bronchitis -ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis -ANSWER-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion -ANSWER-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion -ANSWER-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis -ANSWER-there is hypoxia due to unfavorable
conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting -ANSWER-when blood passes from the right ventricle through the
lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
