BIO 181 (ASU) Exam | 2026 Updated Biology Practice Questions and Exam Preparation Material

ASU BIO 181 Exam 1 Questions & Answers Which six elements are most important for the survival of life? - CORRECT ANSWER-H, C, N, O, P, S The shared biochemistry of all life is often considered evidence for: - CORRECT ANSWER-Shared common descent of all life on earth. Water has which property or properties? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrophilic Forms hydrogen bonds Ocean acidification is resulting due to - CORRECT ANSWER-Global release of CO2 through the use of fossil fuels Which other element (besides Carbon) is often suggested as having potential for life - CORRECT ANSWER-Silicon Which kind of organic compound is pictured? - CORRECT ANSWER-Amino acid What kind of molecule is pictured? - CORRECT ANSWER-RNA Which kind of organic compound is pictured? - CORRECT ANSWER-phospholipid All things being equal which fatty acid will have a lower melting point? - CORRECT ANSWER-Short-chain fatty acid What kind of molecule is pictured? - CORRECT ANSWER-polypeptide Saturated or unsaturated fat? - CORRECT ANSWER-saturated(top) Which type of molecular interaction is strongest? - CORRECT ANSWER-Covalent bond Water is a... - CORRECT ANSWER-polar molecule A low pH is typical of - CORRECT ANSWER-acids What element is called the 'backbone of life'? - CORRECT ANSWER-carbon DNA or RNA? - CORRECT ANSWER-DNA This amino acid is capable of forming disulfide bridges - CORRECT ANSWER-Cysteine Name this compound... - CORRECT ANSWER-Cholesterol Exothermic or Endothermic? - CORRECT ANSWER-exothermic Which level of protein structure? - CORRECT ANSWER-Quaternary The name of a conceptual model for enzyme action - CORRECT ANSWER-Lock and Key, Induced Fit Which level of protein structure is shown in the picture below? - CORRECT ANSWER-Primary Which level of protein structure is shown in the picture below for the two proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER-tertiary Would the subsitution (due to a mutation) of alanine (hydrophobic amino acid) for serine (a polar and hydrophobic amino acid) have a large or small effect on the structure of a protein? - CORRECT ANSWER-Yes, likely a large effect. The substitution of two chemically very different amino acids could have a large effect on protein structure. What type of chemical bond is important for stabilizing alpha-helix or Beta-sheets between backbone atoms of amino acids in close proximity to one another? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrogen bonds If a protein is subject to changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals this may result in: - CORRECT ANSWER-Denaturation The image below shows what type of chemical compound? - CORRECT ANSWER-Triacylglycerol The image below shows what kind of compound? - CORRECT ANSWER-Lipid A sterol, specifically cholesterol What kinds of structure will the following compound, a phospholipid, form in a watery environment? - CORRECT ANSWER-Membrane Micelle Liposome With the complementarity of nucleic acids in mind (in DNA strands) answer the following question. A particular stretch of DNA is sequenced and found to be 40% Guanine. What percentage will be Adenine? - CORRECT ANSWER-10% Which of the following macromolecules is most likely to form into a double helix? - CORRECT ANSWER-Nucleic Acid: DNA Which side will generally have a greater amount of matter present? The reactants or the products? - CORRECT ANSWER-Both will be equal. When plants capture energy in the photons of sunlight and convert that energy into the chemical bonds of organic molecules, are they creating new energy? - CORRECT ANSWER-No, the energy is being transferred from one form into another. But no new energy is being created. The Second Law of Thermodynamics suggest that the energy in a system will... - CORRECT ANSWER-tend to become more dispersed over time. Biological systems sometimes appear on the surface to break the Second Law of Thermodynamics - by seemingly increasing the order in the overall system. They don't. Why? - CORRECT ANSWER-a. Earth (and living things on it) are not a closed system. The sun's constant input of energy in the form of photons is harnessed by living things to create internal order within themselves. But without such a constant input of energy, most biological systems on earth would break down. b. The Second Law tells us that no natural process can occur unless it is also associated with an increase in the entropy of the universe. A living organism (such as an animal or plant) brings in matter and energy from its environment and uses this to create greater order within its body: the processes of life. But it is important to keep in mind that all animals and plants are also part of a larger system of the environment around them. While creating a small 'pocket' of order, the processes of life (metabolism, movement, etc..) releases heat into the environment - thus increasing the entropy of the universe and following the 2nd law. As entropy increases there will be more useful energy to do 'work'. True or false? - CORRECT ANSWER-False. As entropy increases, there will generally be less useful energy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being present in the form of heat energy. Imagine a car motor, which attempts to turn chemical potential energy into kinetic energy (movement). Less efficient motors will get hotter for the same amount of fuel consumed. When you drive a car you hope that most of the fuel energy is converted into kinetic energy and not lost as heat (entropy). The hotter the car (and thus the more entropy) the less efficient the ability to do 'work' (the moving of the vehicle). In a particular system, what kind of energy is considered available to do work? Which of the following is correct? - CORRECT ANSWER-Gibbs energy A chemical reaction where ΔG 0 will tend to be - CORRECT ANSWER-spontaneous exergonic Equilibrium in a chemical reaction is the state in which.... - CORRECT ANSWER-the relative concentrations of reactants and products are not changing over time. A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. - CORRECT ANSWER-Enzyme A chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy from its environment. - CORRECT ANSWER-Endothermic reaction Which of the following statements must be true in order for mitochondrial ATP synthase to function properly? - CORRECT ANSWER-The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. Which of the following is the most important product of the fermentation pathway in animal cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-NAD+ Which of the following represents the REDUCED forms of the two major electron carriers? - CORRECT ANSWER-NADH and FADH2 Which of the following is NOT a product of cellular respiration? - CORRECT ANSWER-Oxygen The __________ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FADH/FADH2 have high potential energy. - CORRECT ANSWER-reduced A molecule that is ______ loses electrons, and a molecule that is ________ gains electrons. - CORRECT ANSWER-oxidized; reduced You are trying to find the maximum source of energy for an organism. Which of the following compounds would you choose? - CORRECT ANSWER-glucose When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, the other products of the reaction are: - CORRECT ANSWER-NADH and CO2 Very low concentrations of detergent make membranes leaky to small molecules and ions without damaging proteins. In isolated mitochondria exposed to detergent, the molecules of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase remain intact. Do you expect ATP synthesis to continue in the presence of low concentrations of detergent? - CORRECT ANSWER-No, because with a leaky membrane, the proton gradient cannot be maintained. The pH in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria should be __________ compared with the matrix due to the higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space. - CORRECT ANSWER-lower Which of the following would most likely be used as a long-term form of energy storage in cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-Lipids Approximately when did anaerobic metabolism evolve in living organisms? - CORRECT ANSWER-3.8 billion years ago When large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (and energy is released) this is an example of... - CORRECT ANSWER-Catabolism Would the replication of DNA - where a parent strand acts as a template and a daughter strand is constructed - be considered a catabolic process or an anabolic process? - CORRECT ANSWER-anabolic Which of the following is an example of the use of ATP in cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis that allows glucose to be transformed into fructose (an important intermediate step that allows the reaction to move forward). The phosphorylation of Na+/K+ pumps that allows a conformational change in the pump - allowing sodium to be deposited outside the membrane and potassium inside the membrane. Is ATP suitable as a long-term energy storage option for cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-No, ATP is rather unstable and is not suited to long-term storage of chemical potential energy How do enzymes influence metabolic chemical reactions? - CORRECT ANSWER-They lower the activation energy required to reach the transition state. Enzymes can be regulated in a number of ways to promote or reduce their activity. When there is some substance (an inhibitor molecule) that is similar enough to the actual substrate that it can bind to the active site of the enzyme and simply block the substrate from binding this is an example of _______________. - CORRECT ANSWER-Competitive inhibition Dietary vitamins including Vitamin A and Folic acid are common examples of..... - CORRECT ANSWER-coenzyme Kombucha is a type of beverage that results from _______________ of regular sweet tea with the aid of a multispecies community of microorganisms (including yeast and bacteria). - CORRECT ANSWER-fermentation What is the entry point of proteins into pathways of cellular respiration? - CORRECT ANSWER-The citric acid cycle Cellular respiration releases energy. In cellular respiration: - CORRECT ANSWER-the chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical energy that can be used to do the work of the cell. Which of the following stages of glycolysis are control points for cellular respiration? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hexokinase, the first enzyme in the pathway. Phosphfructokinase, the third enzyme in the pathway. Pyruvate kinase, the last enzyme in the pathway The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a rate-limiting enzyme. It is active when the concentration of ADP is high; it is less active when ADP levels are low and the concentration of ATP is high. Thus, if there is "sufficient" ATP in the system, the pathway slows down. This is an example of _____________ - CORRECT ANSWER-Feedback inhibition with a product of the metabolic pathway, ATP, acting as the mediator. When a reaction product acts to regulate its own further production (as seen in the illustration below), this is an example of.... - CORRECT ANSWER-feedback inhibition allosteric modulation Which of the following is considered a feature of life? (choose all that apply) - CORRECT ANSWER-Able to maintain homeostasis. Correct! Able to maintain order Correct! Able to grow and develop Correct! Able to reproduce Correct! Able to utilize hereditary information Correct! Able to perceive and respond to the environment Correct! Consisting of one or more cells. Correct! According to Hank Green in the video: Life Begins - Crash Course Big History, about when did life emerge on earth? - CORRECT ANSWER-Between 3.5 and 4 billion years ago What was the result of the famous Miller-Urey experiment? - CORRECT ANSWER-In conditions that may have been similar to the atmosphere of early earth and with a boost from a little electricity, many of the chemical compounds necessary for life formed spontaneously. Sidney Altman was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery that... - CORRECT ANSWER-RNA can act as both a transmitter of genetic information and act as an enzyme. - like a molecular swiss army knife. Another name for the 'blind watchmaker' - the process that Richard Dawkins suggests gives organisms (and their body parts) the appearance of design is... - CORRECT ANSWER-Natural selection Which of the following is not necessarily one of the key qualities of life? - CORRECT ANSWER-Utilizes RNA for hereditary information Which of the following can be used to date recently deceased fossils (within about the last 50,000 years) - by using the concept of radioactive decay? - CORRECT ANSWER-Carbon-14 Using the simulator in Cogbooks for the section, 'Atoms and Isotopes How to Tell Them Apart' - what is the status of Nitrogen-16? *Hint, first choose 'N' from the periodic table. A picture of an N atom will appear above the scale. Then you can actually choose neutrons from the the little bowls and force them into the nucleus of the atom. Click on 'Abundance in Nature' to learn how common a given isotope is. - CORRECT ANSWER-Nitrogen-16 is nonexistent in nature and unstable Using the simulator in Cogbooks for the section, 'Atoms and Isotopes How to Tell Them Apart' - what is the status of Neon-22? *Hint, first choose 'Ne' from the periodic table. A picture of an Ne atom will appear above the scale. Then you can actually choose neutrons from the the little bowls and force them into the nucleus of the atom. Click on 'Abundance in Nature' to learn how common a given isotope is. - CORRECT ANSWER-Neon-22 is somewhat abundant (almost 10%) and stable Find Sodium (Na) in the periodic table below: - CORRECT ANSWER-It will be more likely to lend an electron. Why are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions necessary for cells? - CORRECT ANSWER-These relatively weak bonds help to provide the structure and shape necessary for proteins and DNA molecules (among other macromolecules) - by stabilizing the Now that you have learned about Potassium and Neutrons. So answer, how many neutrons do (K) potassium-39 and potassium-40 have, respectively? - CORRECT ANSWER-20 and 21 neutrons, respectively. Approximately, what is the pH of Bleach? - CORRECT ANSWER-13 How does our body (and blood) maintain a controlled pH level of between 7.2 and 7.6? - CORRECT ANSWER-Our body utilizes carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate anion (HCO3-) to buffer against changes in pH. Which of the following statements is NOT true? - CORRECT ANSWER-Water is the most abundant atom in Earth's atmosphere. Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution? - CORRECT ANSWER-Weakly basic The pH of lemon juice is about 2.0, whereas tomato juice's pH is about 4.0. Approximately how much of an increase in hydrogen ion concentration is there between tomato juice and lemon juice? - CORRECT ANSWER-100 times Describes a substance that does not dissolve in water; water-fearing - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrophobic A substance capable of dissolving another substance. - CORRECT ANSWER-Solvent The attraction between water molecules and molecule of a differentsubstance. - CORRECT ANSWER-Adhesion A solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions. - CORRECT ANSWER-Buffer A substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH. - CORRECT ANSWER-Acid Why does water make such an excellent solvent? - CORRECT ANSWER-Due to its polarity water can readily dissolve other polar or ionic compounds. Why does carbon make such an excellent 'backbone' for building the molecules of life? - CORRECT ANSWER-Because it can form as many as four separate chemical bonds with other carbons or different elements. List which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide. - CORRECT ANSWER-Fructose Glucose Galactose Cellulose and starch are examples of ______________. - CORRECT ANSWER-polysaccharides Phospholipids are important components of _________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-The plasma membrane of cells The monomers that make up proteins are called __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-amino acids A large molecule, often formed by polymerization of smaller monomers. - CORRECT ANSWER-Macromolecule A single-stranded polymer of nucleotides that is involved in protein synthesis. - CORRECT ANSWER-RNA 1.What type of molecular interaction is the strongest (of those listed)? - CORRECT ANSWER-A.Ionic Bonds Ionic or Covalent Bond? - CORRECT ANSWER-Covalent 3. Ionic or Covalent Bond? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ionic A sample of fabric from a cave in Nepal is tested for its Carbon isotope ratios. It is found that only 50% is carbon 14. How old would that date the sample to be? - CORRECT ANSWER-A.5,730 years old A sample of fossilized T-Rex bone is shown to have 0% carbon 14. How old would that make the sample? - CORRECT ANSWER-C-14 is not the appropriate isotope for such ancient fossils Which element would you expect radium (Ra) to imitate in our bodies upon exposure? - CORRECT ANSWER-A.Calcium (Ca) What kind of nutrient deficiency would you diagnose for the plant below? - CORRECT ANSWER-Nitrogen deficiency Where do we see a 'dead zone' each year as a result of cultural eutrophication? - CORRECT ANSWER-•A. In the Gulf of Mexico where the Mississippi River meets the ocean. •B. Many major river systems world-wide What are the 'big six' elements that are most important for life on earth? - CORRECT ANSWER-•B. H, C, N, O, P, S How many amino acids is all of life built upon? - CORRECT ANSWER-•C. 20 You sequence a strand of DNA and find that 30% of the nucleotides are Thymine. What percentage will be Adenine? - CORRECT ANSWER-•A. 30% You sequence a strand of DNA and find that 30% of the nucleotides are Thymine. What percentage will be Guanine? - CORRECT ANSWER-•D. 20% Which type of fatty acid will likely have the higher melting point? - CORRECT ANSWER-•C. Longer and saturated Which kind of problem led to the tragic injury to infants whose mothers took Thalidomide during their pregnancies? - CORRECT ANSWER-•C. Thalidomide occurs in two stereoisomer forms, one of which causes birth defects. Which type of fatty acid will likely have the lowest melting point? - CORRECT ANSWER-•Shorter and unsaturated Which structures can phospholipids form in the presence of water? - CORRECT ANSWER-•A. Micelle •B. Bilayer membrane •C. Liposome Which kind of reaction results in the loss of an electron? - CORRECT ANSWER-•A. Oxidation Glycolysis is: - CORRECT ANSWER-anaerobic Which of the following is NOT one of the net final products of glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER-•D. Two molecules of acetyl-CoA Cellular respiration releases energy. In cellular respiration: - CORRECT ANSWER-•A. Organic molecules such as carbohydrates are converted to chemical energy that can be used to do the work of the cell. •B. The chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical energy that can be used to do the work of the cell. •C. Chemical potential energy in the bonds of ADP is transferred to the chemical potential energy in the bonds of ATP. A molecule that is _____ loses electrons, and a molecule that is _______ gains electrons. - CORRECT ANSWER-•C. Oxidized; Reduced If oxygen is not present, the next stage after glycolysis will be: - CORRECT ANSWER-•Fermentation 6. The purpose of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration is to: - CORRECT ANSWER-•A. Create a proton (H+) gradient in the mitochondria 1 - Quiz Which toxic element is likely to replace zinc (a key micro-nutrient) in our bodies? - CORRECT ANSWER-Cadmium, Cd This is a correct answer 2 - QuizThe first life on earth may have been... - CORRECT ANSWER-Self-replicating RNA molecules This is a correct answer Self-replicating proteins This is a correct answer 3 - QuizWater has which property or properties? - CORRECT ANSWER-Hydrophilic This is a correct answer Frozen form has lower density than liquid form This is a correct answer Forms hydrogen bonds This is a correct answer 4 - QuizOcean acidification is resulting due to - CORRECT ANSWER-Global release of CO2 through the use of fossil fuels This is a correct answer 5 - QuizWhich toxic element can replace Calcium in our bodies? - CORRECT ANSWER-Radium, Ra This is a correct answer 10 - QuizAll things being equal which fatty acid will have a higher melting point? - CORRECT ANSWER-Long-chain fatty acid This is a correct answer 17 - QuizWhich of the following pathways can occur only in the presence of oxygen? - CORRECT ANSWER-Citric Acid Cycle This is a correct answer Electron transport chain This is a correct answer 18 - QuizDuring ETC, the pH of the matrix is ____ than the inter membrane space. - CORRECT ANSWER-Higher This is a correct answer 19 - QuizWhich of the following are examples of coenzymes? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamin A This is a correct answer Vitamin B This is a correct answer 20 - QuizExcess cellular ATP has what effect on phosphofructokinase during glycolysis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Allosteric binding inhibition This is a correct answer 21 - QuizWhich compound generally has a higher energy state, oxidized or reduced? - CORRECT ANSWER-Reduced This is a correct answer 23 - QuizA type of protein that acts as a catalyst for chemical reactions (lowering activation energy) - CORRECT ANSWER-Enzyme This is a correct answer 25 - QuizWhat kind of enzyme regulation? - for enzyme B - CORRECT ANSWER-Non-competitive inhibition This is a correct answer Allosteric inhibition This is a correct answer 26 - QuizThis is the name of the photosynthetic organelle in plants - CORRECT ANSWER-Chloroplast This is a correct answer 1 - Quiz Which toxic element is chemically similar Zinc? - CORRECT ANSWER-Mercury (Hg) This is a correct answer Cadmium (Cd) This is a correct answer 3 - QuizDiagnose this plant's nutrient deficiency - CORRECT ANSWER-Zinc deficiency This is a correct answer 5 - QuizThe pH of a very strong acid - CORRECT ANSWER-2 This is a correct answer 6 - QuizOcean acidification is due to... - CORRECT ANSWER-Absorption of CO2 by the earth's oceans which lowers the pH This is a correct answer 7 - QuizWhich element (chemically similar to Carbon) is often considered an alternate backbone of life - CORRECT ANSWER-Silicon (Si) This is a correct answer 8 - QuizWhich level of protein structure is depicted in this picture? - CORRECT ANSWER-Primary This is a correct answer 9 - QuizDNA or RNA? - CORRECT ANSWER-DNA This is a correct answer 12 - QuizWhat is the main mechanism by which our blood maintains a healthy pH? - CORRECT ANSWER-Through the use of a buffer This is a correct answer BIO 181 ASU EXAM 3 T/F Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. - CORRECT ANSWER-False When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid - CORRECT ANSWER-False Vitamin D is really a hormone. - CORRECT ANSWER-True When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered is trigger to act by exposure to epinephrine. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Insulin is produced by alpha cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline). - CORRECT ANSWER-True Insulin is a ligand. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWER-True Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries - CORRECT ANSWER-False Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER-True When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting. - CORRECT ANSWER-True In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth). - CORRECT ANSWER-True The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Unlike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations. - CORRECT ANSWER-True In mammals ventilation is tidal. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP. - CORRECT ANSWER-True When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-True When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The kidney controls the water balance in the body. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman' s capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-False In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The Bowman's capsule is the beginning of the nephron. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Urine leaves our body through the urethra. T/F True - CORRECT ANSWER-True BIO 181 ASU EXAM 3 Short Answers Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. - CORRECT ANSWER-The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. - CORRECT ANSWER-- Microglia: cleans up cellular debris - Astrocytes: support and repair neurons - Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS - Satellite: form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER-The cell wraps extensions of a fatty insulating substance (myelin) around the axons of neurons. What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER-It can raise the glucose levels in your blood When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System? - CORRECT ANSWER-The adrenal medulla, which then triggers the hypothalamus Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen - CORRECT ANSWER-When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas stops releasing insulin, and cells switch to using glycogen and fat for energy Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved. - CORRECT ANSWER-Insulin and glucagon work in what's called a negative feedback loop. During this process, one event triggers another, which triggers another, and so on, to keep your blood sugar levels balanced. During digestion, foods that contain carbohydrates are converted into glucose. Most of this glucose is sent into your bloodstream, causing a rise in blood glucose levels. This increase in blood glucose signals your pancreas to produce insulin. The insulin tells cells throughout your body to take in glucose from your bloodstream. As the glucose moves into your cells, your blood glucose levels go down. Some cells use the glucose as energy. Other cells, such as in your liver and muscles, store any excess glucose as a substance called glycogen. Your body uses glycogen for fuel between meals. Glucagon works to counterbalance the actions of insulin. About four to six hours after you eat, the glucose levels in your blood decrease, triggering your pancreas to produce glucagon. This hormone signals your liver and muscle cells to change the stored glycogen back into glucose. These cells then release the glucose into your bloodstream so your other cells can use it for energy. Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? - CORRECT ANSWER-osteoporosis and estrogen One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the __________________ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes __________________ into the lungs - CORRECT ANSWER-alveoli, surfactant To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-valves There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-myoglobin Once inside the circulatory system __________________ is the molecule that binds oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-hemoglobin The heart contains two circuits. Name them. - CORRECT ANSWER-pulmonary and systemic The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity? - CORRECT ANSWER-Pleural cavity What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin? - CORRECT ANSWER-4 The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the __________________ __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-Sinoatrial node or sinoatrial-node There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them. - CORRECT ANSWER-Low PO2 values Low pH When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWER-diaphragm What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly? - CORRECT ANSWER-If you have a large drop in blood pressure, which can happen if you lose a lot of blood, your nervous system will stimulate contraction of the afferent arteriole, reducing urine production. If further measures are needed your nervous system can also activate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance. Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER-kidney retains water if the blood pressure gets to low The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the _______________ and this enters the _______________ _______________. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ureter, urinary bladder When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process. - CORRECT ANSWER-Decreased blood flow to tissue, local accumulation of metabolic wastes, autoregulatory widening of vessels What does carbonic anhydrase do? - CORRECT ANSWER-An enzyme present in red blood cells, carbonic anhydrase aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and biocarbonate ions. When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system? - CORRECT ANSWER-2 BIO 181 (Capco ASU) Exam 3 (Final Exam) T/F Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The resting potential of neurons is: - CORRECT ANSWER--60 mv (The answer is not on this list.) T/F The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is: - CORRECT ANSWER-Calcium Ions Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures. - CORRECT ANSWERThe action potential is: - CORRECT ANSWER-A result of the movement of ions. T/F The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The post-synaptic cell can be: - CORRECT ANSWER-In glands, muscle cells, neurons T/F Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. - CORRECT ANSWER-False List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. - CORRECT ANSWER-- Microglia: Are part of the cellular immune system to protect the brain since the humoral immune system usually cannot cross the BB barrier. - Astrocytes: Contribute to the blood brain barrier - Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS - Oligodendrocytes: Myelinates axons of the neurons of the CNS The central nervous system (CNS) contains: - CORRECT ANSWER-Brain and Spinal Cord (There is no correct answer). T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-KATPase pump. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The neural tissues are: - CORRECT ANSWER-Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain T/ F Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture. - CORRECT ANSWERBriefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. - CORRECT ANSWER-The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. T/F Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell. - CORRECT ANSWER-True How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? - CORRECT ANSWER-The cell wraps extensions of a fatty insulating substance (myelin) around the axons of neurons which increase the speed because the action potential jumps from each node of ranvier rather than going down the entire length and firing each Na+K+ pump. The terminal web: - CORRECT ANSWER-Is a site of exocytosis T/F Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWER-True When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System? - CORRECT ANSWER-Sympathetic Nervous System. T/F Insulin is produced by alpha cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline). - CORRECT ANSWER-True Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? - CORRECT ANSWER-This could cause Osteoporosis and the parathyroid is involved in this. T/F Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Insulin is a ligand. - CORRECT ANSWER-True What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? - CORRECT ANSWER-Stress can cause your sympathetic nervous system to turn on "the fight or flight response" activating stored glycogen in your cells, thusly raising your blood sugar levels. T/F The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved. - CORRECT ANSWER-Glucagon and Insulin work in a negative feedback loop together to keep your blood sugar in a normal range (in a healthy person). Insulin works when your pancreas detects when you have high levels of glucose in your blood stream. Insulin binds to the cells, and some use glucose as energy, and others, like your liver store it as glycogen. Glucagon is the opposite of insulin. After you haven't eaten in a while, your blood glucose levels lower and glucagon signals the cells that have the stored glycogen (liver and muscle cells) to then turn it back into glucose for the other cells to use for energy. T/F Vitamin D is really a hormone. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen? - CORRECT ANSWER-Fats have stored glycogen in them that can be converted back to glucose for other cells to use, when our blood glucose levels are low. T/F Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth). - CORRECT ANSWER-True What does carbonic anhydrase do? - CORRECT ANSWER-carbonic anhydrase, aids in the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. When red blood cells reach the lungs, the same enzyme helps to convert the bicarbonate ions back to carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. T/F Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not. - CORRECT ANSWER-True There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them. - CORRECT ANSWER-Drop in pO2 (Partial pressure) Drop in PH (Bohr effect) T/F The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Once inside the circulatory system __________________ is the molecule that binds oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-Hemoglobin T/F The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True When arterial blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process. - CORRECT ANSWER-1) kidney releases renin 2) renin activates angiotensin 3) angiotensin causes vessels to constrict 4) arterial pressure rises To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-Valves The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the __________________ __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-sinoatrial node T/F When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Unlike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations. - CORRECT ANSWER-True There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by __________________. - CORRECT ANSWER-Myoglobin What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin? - CORRECT ANSWER-Four When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system? - CORRECT ANSWER-2, The alveoli and the capillaries The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity? - CORRECT ANSWER-The plueral cavity T/F The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP. - CORRECT ANSWER-True One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the __________________ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes __________________ into the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER-alveoli, surfactant T/F The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by: - CORRECT ANSWER-circulatory system T/F When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F In mammals ventilation is tidal. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The heart contains two circuits. Name them. - CORRECT ANSWER-pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWER-Diaphragmatic muscles T/F When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the _______________ and this enters the _______________ _______________. - CORRECT ANSWER-Ureter, Urinary Bladder T/F The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine. - CORRECT ANSWER-False T/F The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman' s capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER-regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. T/F Each kidney contains about one million nephrons. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F Urine leaves our body through the urethra. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials. - CORRECT ANSWER-True What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure drops significantly? - CORRECT ANSWER-The body will try to adapt and change these things to raise blood pressure Change the diameter of small arteries (arterioles) and, to a lesser extent, veins Change the amount of blood pumped from the heart to the body (cardiac output) Change the volume of blood in the blood vessels Change the body's position T/F The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The Bowman's capsule is the beginning of the nephron. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER-True T/F The kidney controls the water balance in the body. - CORRECT ANSWER-True ASU BIO 181 - Capco - Final Exam The terminal web - CORRECT ANSWER-is a site of exocytosis The central nervous system (CNS) contains - CORRECT ANSWER-There is no correct answer Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell - CORRECT ANSWER-True Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons - CORRECT ANSWER-True The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor - CORRECT ANSWER-False The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K-ATPase pump. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The post-synaptic cell can be - CORRECT ANSWER-in glands, muscle cells, neurons Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating - CORRECT ANSWER-False The automatic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER-True Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire. - CORRECT ANSWER-False When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate - CORRECT ANSWER-True Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid - CORRECT ANSWER-False Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes. - CORRECT ANSWER-True In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is - CORRECT ANSWER-Calcium ions Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells - CORRECT ANSWER-False The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Only pre-synaptic neurons are coasted with myelin - CORRECT ANSWER-False Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell - CORRECT ANSWER-True The neural tissues are - CORRECT ANSWER-Spinal cord Sensory neurons Brain The cell body referes to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal - CORRECT ANSWER-False The resting potential of neurons is - CORRECT ANSWER-The answer is not on the list The action potential is - CORRECT ANSWER-A result of the movement of ions The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron - CORRECT ANSWER-False The medulla of the adrenal fland produces epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER-True The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER-False Insulin in porduced by alpha cells - CORRECT ANSWER-False Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis - CORRECT ANSWER-True When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Insulin is a ligand - CORRECT ANSWER-True Vitamin D is really a hormone - CORRECT ANSWER-True Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol - CORRECT ANSWER-True The kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day - CORRECT ANSWER-True The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine - CORRECT ANSWER-False Urine leaves our body through the urethra - CORRECT ANSWER-True Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWER-False Toxins including urea is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule - CORRECT ANSWER-True The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine - CORRECT ANSWER-True The Bowmans capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The Bowmans capsule is the beginning of the nephron. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Each kidney contains about one million nephrons - CORRECT ANSWER-True Efferent arterioles enter the Bowmans capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowmans capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-False The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds - CORRECT ANSWER-True In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials - CORRECT ANSWER-True The kidney controls the water balance in the body - CORRECT ANSWER-True The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron - CORRECT ANSWER-True Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule - CORRECT ANSWER-True Unlike other epithelia the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations - CORRECT ANSWER-True The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-False The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs - CORRECT ANSWER-False The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle - CORRECT ANSWER-True The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system. - CORRECT ANSWER-True In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. - CORRECT ANSWER-True The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP - CORRECT ANSWER-True There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by - CORRECT ANSWER-myoglobin The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs - CORRECT ANSWER-False The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood - CORRECT ANSWER-False The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facillitates release of oxygen. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells - CORRECT ANSWER-False In mammals ventilation is tidal - CORRECT ANSWER-True The artioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node - CORRECT ANSWER-True Once inside the circulatory system ________ is the molecule that binds oxygen - CORRECT ANSWER-hemoglobin Blood move very rapidly in the capillaries - CORRECT ANSWER-False When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting - CORRECT ANSWER-True To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are _____________ - CORRECT ANSWER-valves The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facillitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood - CORRECT ANSWER-True Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth) - CORRECT ANSWER-True When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. - CORRECT ANSWER-True Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not - CORRECT ANSWER-True The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the ______ ______. - CORRECT ANSWER-sinoatrial node When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume. - CORRECT ANSWER-False Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by - CORRECT ANSWER-The circulatory system. Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs - CORRECT ANSWER-True The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large. - CORRECT ANSWER-True ASU BIO 181 FINAL EXAM Blood pressure vs blood velocity changes along the circulatory system. - CORRECT ANSWER-Flow = Velocity x Area Optimal exchange can take place across capillaries (velocity and pressure decrease) Causes a drop in blood pressure in capillaries Blood pressure versus osmotic pressure at the level of capillaries; how changes in the pressure of blood or protein concentrations may affect the movement of water across the capillaries. - CORRECT ANSWER-Osmotic pressure is the pressure what would have to be applied to a solvent to prevent it form passing into a solution by osmosis. Structural differences between arteries, veins, capillaries - CORRECT ANSWER-Arteries: Thick muscular walls, small lumen, pushes blood along by contraction (pulse) Veins: Have valves to prevent the back flow of blood, thinner walls, wider lumen Capillaries: One cell thick, smaller than veins and arteries, don't have valves or muscular walls Kinetic vs potential energy - CORRECT ANSWER-Potential: stored energy (mountain rock, chemical bonds, concentration gradients) Kinetic: energy of movement (heat) Positive vs negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER-Negative: most common, results in reversal towards the set point Positive: less common, results in amplification, further away from the set point Difference between ventilation and gas exchange - CORRECT ANSWER-Ventilation: provision of air/water (from atmosphere to lungs and vise versa) Gas exchange: made up of ventilation and perfusion surfaces, the amount of gas present is important What is partial pressure of a gas in the atmospheric air, lungs, or blood. - CORRECT ANSWER-Partial pressure of a gas is pressure a single gas exerts in a mixture of gases. Understand the Fick equation/law of diffusion (parameters in the equation; and their importance in affecting the diffusion of gases) - CORRECT ANSWER-Fick's law of diffusion applies to all gas exchange systems Q=DA(P1-P2)/L Q= RATE OF DIFFUSION D= DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT A= CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA WHERE DIFFUSION OCCURS P1 AND P2= PARTIAL PRESSURES OF THE GAS AT TWO LOCATIONS L= PATH LENGTH BETWEEN LOCATIONS *gas exchange in water is hard Hormones produced by the hypothalamus/anterior and posterior pituitary gland and their function - CORRECT ANSWER-"stress hormone" *decreases use of glucose in tissues, increases use of fat and protein *increases glucose production in the liver ASU General Biology 181 Exam 1 Questions & Answers A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal - CORRECT ANSWER-False The paramecium discusses in class contained an organelle called the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the: - CORRECT ANSWER-Kidney In your own multicellular body, cells with different functions have different DNA - CORRECT ANSWER-False A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture. List these four things. - CORRECT ANSWER-Food, shelter, find a mate and reproduce Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference from the list below. - CORRECT ANSWER-Division of Labor What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions? - CORRECT ANSWER-The paramecium has a limited amount of space for biological molecular machinery within its cytoplasm. In Cell Biology what can limit the progress of science? - CORRECT ANSWER-Technology Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food - CORRECT ANSWER-Lymphocyte, Macrophage, and Fibroblast The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney - CORRECT ANSWER-True A single celled eukaryotic organism - CORRECT ANSWER-Has a limited number of biomolecular machines. Must find food, shelter, a mate and reproduce Escape from predators In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them. - CORRECT ANSWER-True A normal cell is anchorage dependent for growth and mortal - CORRECT ANSWER-True The paramecium swims by way of using flagella - CORRECT ANSWER-False In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses what needs to be used? - CORRECT ANSWER-Technology A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition. - CORRECT ANSWER-True In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule. - CORRECT ANSWER-False It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells - CORRECT ANSWER-True What limits the size of a cell? - CORRECT ANSWER-surface area to volume ratio The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen - CORRECT ANSWER-True Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory - CORRECT ANSWER-True Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory - CORRECT ANSWER-True DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular - CORRECT ANSWER-True The association of ribosomes with BLANK investigations would support the BLANK theory - CORRECT ANSWERAfter a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is (pick the best order): - CORRECT ANSWER-Filapodia, lamellipodia, cell muscle, retraction fiber. TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied - CORRECT ANSWER-True The presumed first stes in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall - CORRECT ANSWER-True The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile - CORRECT ANSWER-True When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cels, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division - CORRECT ANSWER-True Why is it important to know the limitations of technology? - CORRECT ANSWERThe cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope - CORRECT ANSWER-False The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super-glue. - CORRECT ANSWER-True List one one limitation of the cell culture technique - CORRECT ANSWER-Some cells can't grow in a cell culture A normal cell is BLANk and BLANK for growth - CORRECT ANSWER- Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory - CORRECT ANSWER-True Fluorescent microscopy is a form of light microscopy - CORRECT ANSWER-True Motility improves the fitness of these early cells because - CORRECT ANSWER-It allowed them to move away from predators and towards food A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel - CORRECT ANSWER-False Facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to let components move down their concentration gradient - CORRECT ANSWER-True When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are - CORRECT ANSWER-Ligands that are used in cell communication The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus - CORRECT ANSWER-False What are the two functions of a membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Keep water out (barrier) 2. Compartmentalize enzymes to increase the efficiency of chemical reactions Cholesterol is BLANK to have in biological membranes - CORRECT ANSWERActive transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with thei concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration - CORRECT ANSWER-False It is a simple matter (i.e., thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum. - CORRECT ANSWER-False For a proton to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as pa