Biology Unit 1
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1.
2. Structure of a water molecule
3. What do the positive and negative indi- There are small amounts of
cate in a water molecule? positive and negative charge on
the water molecule.
4. Describe how disaccharides are formed This happens through a
from monosaccharides condensation reaction, where
two monomers join together
through a 1,4 glycosidic bonds
with the removal of an H‚O mol-
ecule.
5. Differences between a 1sc annd a polySC
6. Bond angle of water molecules
7. Compare monosaccharides and polysac- Both molecules are made of
charides? (4 Marks) C, H and O, 1sc are simple
sugar molecules and are re-
ducing sugars and they join to-
gether via a condensation reac-
tion, forming glycosidic bonds
to form polySC which are com-
plex sugars, 1sc are sweet tast-
, Biology Unit 1
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ing and soluble in water how-
ever polySC are not soluble in
water and do not taste sweet.
8. Draw the reaction that produces disac-
charides from monosaccharides?
9. Describe the structure of starch, and re- Starch is made of ±- glucose,
late it to its function?(3-4 Marks) containing both, Amylose and
Amylopectin, with Amylose be-
ing an unbranched set of
monomers (of monosaccha-
rides) joined together by 1,4 gly-
cosidic bonds, and can spiral
causing to them to be compact,
and making them efficient for
storage as more molecules can
be stored in the same space. As
for Amylopectin, it is a branched
set of monomers (of monosac-
charides) joined together by 1,4
glycosidic bonds and 1,6 glyco-
sidic links, and this allows it to
be hydrolysed quickly providing
energy quickly. Other than that,
starch is a large molecule that
contains a lot of energy, and is
insoluble in water, so it does not
affect osmosis.
10. Describe the structure of glycogen, and Glycogen is made of ±- glu-
relate it to its function? (3-4 Marks) cose, containing monomers
linked together by 1,4 glyco-
sidic bonds and many 1,6 gly-
cosidic branches, causing it to
be hydrolysed quickly. In addi-
tion, it also has compact struc-
, Biology Unit 1
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ture which allows many units of
it to be stored in a small space.
Moreover, it is a large molecule
containing a lot of energy, and
it is insoluble in water which
means that it has no osmotic
effect.
11. Bonds in a water molecule are ? polar covalent bonds
12. Hydrogen bonding as a feature of water The weak electrostatic inter-
molecular force between a par-
tially positive hydrogen that is
bonded to a partially negative
oxygen and other polar mole-
cules nearby.
Partially positive regions in wa-
ter like Hydrogen are represent-
ed with ´+and partially positive
negative regions in water like
Oxygen are represented with ´-.
13. What joins water molecules together? Hydrogen bonds
14. How are atoms unstable in a water mol- The outermost shell of H atom
ecule and how they form a stable water has 1 electron. Oxygen atom
molecule? has 6 electrons in its outermost
shell. the 3 atoms must share
electrons and in the process co-
valent bonds are formed.
15. Why are the oxygen atoms in water The nucleus of the oxygen at-
slightly negative tracts more electrons than the
, Biology Unit 1
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two nuclei of the hydrogen
atoms.
16. How is water dipolar? - made up of two atoms of hy-
drogen and one oxygen
-although molecule has no
overall charge oxygen atom has
a slight negative charge while
hydrogen atoms have a slightly
positive one
-Therefore water molecule has
both positive and negative
poles and is therefore de-
scribed as dipolar
17. What makes a molecule dipolar? The condition where in a mol-
ecule one side is slightly posi-
tive and the other side is slightly
negative is called dipole
18. Importance of water as a dipolar mole- 1. Solvent for ionic and polar
cule(3) substances
2. Medium for chemical reac-
tions.
3. Medium for transport of sub-
stances
19. What happens when a ionic/polar sub- 1. Attraction of the positive ions
stance is placed in water? by the oxygen of water and the
attraction of the negative ions
by the hydrogen atoms of wa-
ter.
2. Separation of ions and polar
groups
3. Hydration (surrounded by wa-
ter molecules) of these ions and
polar groups i.e. dissolved.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fbc7az
1.
2. Structure of a water molecule
3. What do the positive and negative indi- There are small amounts of
cate in a water molecule? positive and negative charge on
the water molecule.
4. Describe how disaccharides are formed This happens through a
from monosaccharides condensation reaction, where
two monomers join together
through a 1,4 glycosidic bonds
with the removal of an H‚O mol-
ecule.
5. Differences between a 1sc annd a polySC
6. Bond angle of water molecules
7. Compare monosaccharides and polysac- Both molecules are made of
charides? (4 Marks) C, H and O, 1sc are simple
sugar molecules and are re-
ducing sugars and they join to-
gether via a condensation reac-
tion, forming glycosidic bonds
to form polySC which are com-
plex sugars, 1sc are sweet tast-
, Biology Unit 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fbc7az
ing and soluble in water how-
ever polySC are not soluble in
water and do not taste sweet.
8. Draw the reaction that produces disac-
charides from monosaccharides?
9. Describe the structure of starch, and re- Starch is made of ±- glucose,
late it to its function?(3-4 Marks) containing both, Amylose and
Amylopectin, with Amylose be-
ing an unbranched set of
monomers (of monosaccha-
rides) joined together by 1,4 gly-
cosidic bonds, and can spiral
causing to them to be compact,
and making them efficient for
storage as more molecules can
be stored in the same space. As
for Amylopectin, it is a branched
set of monomers (of monosac-
charides) joined together by 1,4
glycosidic bonds and 1,6 glyco-
sidic links, and this allows it to
be hydrolysed quickly providing
energy quickly. Other than that,
starch is a large molecule that
contains a lot of energy, and is
insoluble in water, so it does not
affect osmosis.
10. Describe the structure of glycogen, and Glycogen is made of ±- glu-
relate it to its function? (3-4 Marks) cose, containing monomers
linked together by 1,4 glyco-
sidic bonds and many 1,6 gly-
cosidic branches, causing it to
be hydrolysed quickly. In addi-
tion, it also has compact struc-
, Biology Unit 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fbc7az
ture which allows many units of
it to be stored in a small space.
Moreover, it is a large molecule
containing a lot of energy, and
it is insoluble in water which
means that it has no osmotic
effect.
11. Bonds in a water molecule are ? polar covalent bonds
12. Hydrogen bonding as a feature of water The weak electrostatic inter-
molecular force between a par-
tially positive hydrogen that is
bonded to a partially negative
oxygen and other polar mole-
cules nearby.
Partially positive regions in wa-
ter like Hydrogen are represent-
ed with ´+and partially positive
negative regions in water like
Oxygen are represented with ´-.
13. What joins water molecules together? Hydrogen bonds
14. How are atoms unstable in a water mol- The outermost shell of H atom
ecule and how they form a stable water has 1 electron. Oxygen atom
molecule? has 6 electrons in its outermost
shell. the 3 atoms must share
electrons and in the process co-
valent bonds are formed.
15. Why are the oxygen atoms in water The nucleus of the oxygen at-
slightly negative tracts more electrons than the
, Biology Unit 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fbc7az
two nuclei of the hydrogen
atoms.
16. How is water dipolar? - made up of two atoms of hy-
drogen and one oxygen
-although molecule has no
overall charge oxygen atom has
a slight negative charge while
hydrogen atoms have a slightly
positive one
-Therefore water molecule has
both positive and negative
poles and is therefore de-
scribed as dipolar
17. What makes a molecule dipolar? The condition where in a mol-
ecule one side is slightly posi-
tive and the other side is slightly
negative is called dipole
18. Importance of water as a dipolar mole- 1. Solvent for ionic and polar
cule(3) substances
2. Medium for chemical reac-
tions.
3. Medium for transport of sub-
stances
19. What happens when a ionic/polar sub- 1. Attraction of the positive ions
stance is placed in water? by the oxygen of water and the
attraction of the negative ions
by the hydrogen atoms of wa-
ter.
2. Separation of ions and polar
groups
3. Hydration (surrounded by wa-
ter molecules) of these ions and
polar groups i.e. dissolved.
