MGT 6615 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

MGT 6615 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 What 3 themes dominated leadership definition in the 1950s? - Answers Group Theory Leadership as a relationship Effectiveness Leadership of the 1970s focused on what? - Answers Organizational Behavior Authentic Leadership - Answers A style in which the leader is true to himself or herself while leading Spiritual Leadership - Answers Leaders use values, a sense of "calling," and membership to motivate followers Servant Leadership - Answers Focuses on providing increased service to others—meeting the goals of both followers and the organization—rather than to oneself. Adaptive Leadership - Answers leaders encourage followers to adapt by confronting and solving problems, challenges, and changes Followership - Answers The role followers play in the leadership process Discursive Leadership - Answers Leadership is created not so much through leader traits, skills, and behaviors, but through communication practices that are negotiated between leader and follower What 4 components are central to leadership? - Answers 1. Leadership is a process 2. Leadership involves influence 3. Leadership occurs in groups 4. Leadership involves common goals Definition of Leadership - Answers A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal What is the context in which leadership takes place? - Answers In groups Trait Leadership - Answers certain individuals have special innate characteristics or qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders Social Identity Theory - Answers The degree to which a person fits with the identity of the group as a whole Referent Power - Answers Power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty Expert Power - Answers Based on followers' perceptions of the leader's competence Legitimate Power - Answers Power as a result of status or job authority Reward Power - Answers power that comes from the ability to provide rewards or favors Coercive Power - Answers Derived from having the capacity to penalize or punish others Information Power - Answers Derived from possessing knowledge that others want or need Two major kinds of power: - Answers Position & Personal Position power includes which types of power? - Answers Legitimate Reward Coercive Information Personal power includes which types of power? - Answers Referent & Expert Position Power - Answers influence derived from one's formal structural position in the organization Personal Power - Answers The influence capacity a leader derives from being seen by followers as likable and knowledgeable Classification system of moral reasoning - Answers Stage 1—Obedience and Punishment Stage 2—Individualism and Exchange Stage 3—Interpersonal Accord and Conformity Stage 4—Maintaining the Social Order Stage 5—Social Contract and Individual Rights Stage 6—Universal Principles Who designed the classification of moral reasoning? - Answers Kohlberg Preconventional Morality - Answers Judging the morality of an action by its direct consequences. Reasoning based on self-interest, punishment, and reward Conventional Morality - Answers Judging the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectation Postconventional Morality - Answers individuals have developed their own personal set of ethics and morals that guide their behavior. Reasoning is based on conscience and creating a just society Ethical theories fall within which two domains? - Answers Conduct & Character Conduct is divided into what two kinds? - Answers Consequences & Duties Teleological Theories - Answers focus on the consequences or results of the actions they produce 3 Teleological Approaches - Answers Ethical Egoism Utilitarianism Altruism Ethical Egoism - Answers Decisions are based on what is best for the individual making the decision Utilitarianism - Answers We should behave so as to create the greatest good for the greatest number "Maximizes social benefits while minimizing social costs" would be an example of which Teleological Approach? - Answers Utilitarianism Altruism - Answers Actions are moral if their primary purpose is to promote the best interests of others Deontological Theory - Answers People should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma Virtue-Based Theories - Answers Moral theories that focus on good and bad persons or character Heifetz's Perspective on Ethical Leadership - Answers Leaders help followers to confront conflict and to address conflict by effecting changes Burns's Perspective on Ethical Leadership - Answers Involves attempts by leaders to move followers to higher standards of moral responsibility Followers of destructive leaders are of what two types of people? - Answers Conformers & Colluders 5 Principles of Ethical Leadership - Answers Respect Service Justice Honesty Community Servant Leadership Approach - Answers Emphasizes that leaders should be attentive to the concerns of their followers and should take care of them and nurture them Which three leadership theories focus on ethics? - Answers Servant Transformational Authentic What was one of the first systematic attempts to study leadership? - Answers Trait Approach "Great Man" Theories - Answers Focus on identifying the innate qualities and characteristics possessed by great social, political, and military leaders Trait Theory of Leadership - Answers Leadership depends on what traits leaders exhibit and who has these traits 5 Major Leadership Traits - Answers Determination Integrity Intelligence Self-confidence Sociability How can high intelligence be counterproductive for leaders? - Answers Leaders with higher abilities may have difficulty communicating with followers because their ideas are too advanced for their followers to accept What is the optimal IQ for perceived leadership? - Answers One standard deviation above the mean IQ of the group Self-Confidence - Answers The ability to be certain about one's competencies and skills Determination - Answers The desire to get the job done Integrity - Answers Honesty and trustworthiness Sociability - Answers Inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships Which Big 5 dimension is most strongly related with leadership? - Answers Extraversion How is agreeableness related to leadership? - Answers Weak relationship Which Big 5 dimension is most strongly correlated with overall job performance? - Answers Conscientiousness Strengths - Answers An attribute or quality of an individual that accounts for successful performance Emotional Intelligence - Answers Ability to effectively manage emotions within oneself and in relationships with others MSCEIT (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence test) - Answers Measures emotional intelligence as a set of mental abilities Shankman and Allen developed a practice-oriented model of emotionally intelligent leadership, which suggests that leaders must be conscious of what three fundamentals? - Answers Context, self, and others Strengths of the Trait Approach - Answers Intuitively appealing Centuries of research Focuses solely on the leader Weaknesses of Trait Approach - Answers Failure to define a definitive list of leadership traits Fails to take situations into account Highly subjective Not useful in training/development off leaders Skills Approach to Leadership - Answers Knowledge and abilities are needed for effective leadership and can be developed Katz suggests that effective administration depends on what 3 basic skills? - Answers Technical Human Conceptual Skills vs Traits - Answers Skills are what leaders can accomplish, whereas traits are who leaders are Skills - Answers Ability to use one's knowledge and competencies to accomplish a set of goals or objectives Technical Skills - Answers knowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work or activity Human Skills - Answers Knowledge about and ability to work with people Skills needed for Top Management - Answers Human & Conceptual Skills Needed for Middle Management - Answers Equal parts Human, Conceptual, and Technical Skills needed for Supervisory (Lower Level) Management - Answers Technical & Human Conceptual Skills - Answers The mental ability to analyze and diagnose complex situations What skill is central to creating a vision and strategic plan for an organization? - Answers Conceptual Skills Skills Model - Answers Examines the relationship between a leader's knowledge and skills and the leader's performance The Skills Model is what type of model? - Answers Capability model 5 components of the Skills Based Model - Answers Competencies Individual attributes Leadership outcomes Career experiences Environmental influences What 3 competencies are the heart of the Skills Based Model? - Answers Problem-solving skills Social judgment skills Knowledge Problem Solving Skills - Answers A leader's creative ability to solve new and unusual, ill-defined organizational problems Problem Definition - Answers Problem solving skill - The ability to define noteworthy issues or significant problems affecting the organization Cause/goal analysis - Answers The ability to analyze the causes and goals relevant to addressing problems Constraint Analysis - Answers The ability to identify the constraints, or limiting factors, influencing any problem solution Forecasting - Answers the ability to anticipate the implications of executing the plans Creative Thinking - Answers the ability to develop alternative approaches and new ideas for addressing potential pitfalls of a plan identified in forecasting Social Judgement Skills - Answers Much like Katz Human Skills - The capacity to understand people and social systems Perspective Taking - Answers Understanding the attitudes that others have toward a particular problem or solution Social Perceptiveness - Answers Insight and awareness into how others in the organization function Behavior Flexibility - Answers the ability to use a number of different behaviors depending on the situation Social Performance - Answers Being able to communicate one's own vision to others while keeping their perspective in mind Knowledge - Answers The accumulation of information and the mental structures used to organize that information Schema - Answers a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world What are the four individual attributes that have an impact on leadership skills? - Answers General Cognitive Ability Crystallized Cognitive Ability Motivation Personality Fluid Intelligence - Answers Intelligence that usually grows and expands up through early adulthood and then declines with age General Cognitive Ability - Answers General intelligence that is linked to biology rather than experience Crystallized Cognitive Ability - Answers Intellectual ability that is learned or acquired over time 3 aspects of motivation - Answers Willingness, dominance, and social good Effective problem solving and performance are the outcomes of what? - Answers Leadership Performance - Answers The degree to which a leader has successfully performed the assigned duties. Types of Environmental influence - Answers Internal & External Environmental Influences - Answers Factors that lie outside the leader's competencies, characteristics, and experiences Internal Environmental Influences - Answers Outdated technology, facilities, expertise of subordinates, and communication External Environmental Influences - Answers Economic, political, or social issues; natural disasters Criticisms of the skills model - Answers Does not explain how skills lead to effective leadership performance Use of individual attributes is closely related to trait theory Behavioral Approach to Leadership - Answers Focuses exclusively on what leaders do and how they act According to the behavioral approach, leadership is composed of what two kinds of behaviors? - Answers Task behaviors and Relationship behaviors Task behaviors facilitate what? - Answers Goal acccomplishments