PSIO 202 Final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Explain why we would expect there to be little to no colloid osmotic
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pressure inside the capsular space. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-There is a
| | | | | | | | | |
filtration barrier that prevents medium and large proteins from leaving
| | | | | | | | | |
the blood. This prevents proteins from getting in to the capsular space.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
These proteins are major contributors to osmotic pressure, thus
| | | | | | | | |
meaning that there is little colloid osmotic pressure inside the capsular
| | | | | | | | | | |
space
Which of the following represents a typical value for cardiac output at
| | | | | | | | | | | |
rest in humans? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-5 L/min
| | | | | |
if you spent most of your day at rest, then about 1 L/min of blood going
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
to the kidneys.
| |
Roughly 60% of your blood is plasma (which is mostly water), so about
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
0.6 L/min of water goes to the kidneys.
| | | | | | |
Roughly 20% of it gets filtered as it passes through the kidneys, so 0.12
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
L/min of fluid is actually filtered. Multiply that by the number of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,minutes in a day (1440), and you get that ballpark estimate of about 180
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
L of water being filtered by the kidneys per day.
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f a person with a UTI did a urinalysis with one of those test strips
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mentioned before (called a dipstick test), you'd expect the urinalysis to
| | | | | | | | | | |
register positive for leukocytes. The specific type of leukocyte you'd
| | | | | | | | | |
expect to find most elevated would be______________ - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-neutrophils
he white blood cells that acted as one of the first responders at sites of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammation. They release powerful reactive oxygen species (like | | | | | | | |
hydrogen peroxide) and lysozyme that effectively destroy bacteria (like
| | | | | | | | |
E. coli). |
Eating the mushroom Amanita muscaria can cause acute toxicity where
| | | | | | | | | |
you can lose control over bladder function and urinate on yourself.
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Based on this, which type of receptors do you think the substances in
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
this mushroom are activating? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-cholinergic
| | | | | | |
parasympathetic responses involve cholinergic signaling on effector | | | | | | |
cells. Amanita muscaria contains muscarine, which powerfully activates
| | | | | | | |
muscarinic cholinergic receptors on smooth muscle cells. The wall of the
| | | | | | | | | |
bladder is composed of that thick detrusor muscle, which is comprised
| | | | | | | | | | | |
of smooth muscle (involuntary, autonomic control). Once high levels of
| | | | | | | | | |
muscarine reach those smooth muscle cells, it causes you to void your
| | | | | | | | | | | |
urine.
, Glomeruli are located within the outer portion of the kidney called the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
renal ______________. The glomerular capillaries are able to maintain a
| | | | | | | | |
high blood hydrostatic pressure within them, because of a unique
| | | | | | | | | | |
arrangement where the _______________ arteriole brings blood into | | | | | | | |
the glomerulus which then leaves the glomerulus through another
| | | | | | | | |
arteriole called the ______________ arteriole. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | |
cortex, afferent, efferent | |
One of the main protein components of blood that helps maintain blood
| | | | | | | | | | |
|osmotic pressure is ______________. Finding this protein in a urinalysis
| | | | | | | | |
|can indicate damage to the filtration barrier of the kidney. Very high
| | | | | | | | | | | |
levels of this protein in the urine is one way that urine becomes cloudy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
in appearance. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-albumin
| | | |
Blood calcium levels are homeostatically controlled through hormones.
| | | | | | | |
Based on the hormones we looked at previously (in the skeletal and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
endocrine sections), an excess of _______________ hormone would
| | | | | | | |
lead to elevated blood calcium levels, termed hypercalcemia. - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
|ANSWER✔✔-PTH
Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. A
| | | | | | | | | | | |
diet rich in oxalate can increase the risk of developing these stones.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Oxalate-rich foods include rhubarb, spinach, chocolate, nuts, and beer.
| | | | | | | |
Correct Answers
Explain why we would expect there to be little to no colloid osmotic
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
pressure inside the capsular space. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-There is a
| | | | | | | | | |
filtration barrier that prevents medium and large proteins from leaving
| | | | | | | | | |
the blood. This prevents proteins from getting in to the capsular space.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
These proteins are major contributors to osmotic pressure, thus
| | | | | | | | |
meaning that there is little colloid osmotic pressure inside the capsular
| | | | | | | | | | |
space
Which of the following represents a typical value for cardiac output at
| | | | | | | | | | | |
rest in humans? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-5 L/min
| | | | | |
if you spent most of your day at rest, then about 1 L/min of blood going
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
to the kidneys.
| |
Roughly 60% of your blood is plasma (which is mostly water), so about
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
0.6 L/min of water goes to the kidneys.
| | | | | | |
Roughly 20% of it gets filtered as it passes through the kidneys, so 0.12
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
L/min of fluid is actually filtered. Multiply that by the number of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
,minutes in a day (1440), and you get that ballpark estimate of about 180
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
L of water being filtered by the kidneys per day.
| | | | | | | | | |
f a person with a UTI did a urinalysis with one of those test strips
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
mentioned before (called a dipstick test), you'd expect the urinalysis to
| | | | | | | | | | |
register positive for leukocytes. The specific type of leukocyte you'd
| | | | | | | | | |
expect to find most elevated would be______________ - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
ANSWER✔✔-neutrophils
he white blood cells that acted as one of the first responders at sites of
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
inflammation. They release powerful reactive oxygen species (like | | | | | | | |
hydrogen peroxide) and lysozyme that effectively destroy bacteria (like
| | | | | | | | |
E. coli). |
Eating the mushroom Amanita muscaria can cause acute toxicity where
| | | | | | | | | |
you can lose control over bladder function and urinate on yourself.
| | | | | | | | | | |
Based on this, which type of receptors do you think the substances in
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
this mushroom are activating? - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-cholinergic
| | | | | | |
parasympathetic responses involve cholinergic signaling on effector | | | | | | |
cells. Amanita muscaria contains muscarine, which powerfully activates
| | | | | | | |
muscarinic cholinergic receptors on smooth muscle cells. The wall of the
| | | | | | | | | |
bladder is composed of that thick detrusor muscle, which is comprised
| | | | | | | | | | | |
of smooth muscle (involuntary, autonomic control). Once high levels of
| | | | | | | | | |
muscarine reach those smooth muscle cells, it causes you to void your
| | | | | | | | | | | |
urine.
, Glomeruli are located within the outer portion of the kidney called the
| | | | | | | | | | | |
renal ______________. The glomerular capillaries are able to maintain a
| | | | | | | | |
high blood hydrostatic pressure within them, because of a unique
| | | | | | | | | | |
arrangement where the _______________ arteriole brings blood into | | | | | | | |
the glomerulus which then leaves the glomerulus through another
| | | | | | | | |
arteriole called the ______________ arteriole. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-
| | | | | | |
cortex, afferent, efferent | |
One of the main protein components of blood that helps maintain blood
| | | | | | | | | | |
|osmotic pressure is ______________. Finding this protein in a urinalysis
| | | | | | | | |
|can indicate damage to the filtration barrier of the kidney. Very high
| | | | | | | | | | | |
levels of this protein in the urine is one way that urine becomes cloudy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
in appearance. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-albumin
| | | |
Blood calcium levels are homeostatically controlled through hormones.
| | | | | | | |
Based on the hormones we looked at previously (in the skeletal and
| | | | | | | | | | | |
endocrine sections), an excess of _______________ hormone would
| | | | | | | |
lead to elevated blood calcium levels, termed hypercalcemia. - CORRECT
| | | | | | | | |
|ANSWER✔✔-PTH
Calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of kidney stone. A
| | | | | | | | | | | |
diet rich in oxalate can increase the risk of developing these stones.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Oxalate-rich foods include rhubarb, spinach, chocolate, nuts, and beer.
| | | | | | | |
