APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech| (ACTUAL) LATEST 2026 EXPERT CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS I [GRADED A+]
What is a hormone and how does it act? ✔️Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? ✔️a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? ✔️A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? ✔️A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target cells
What is an exocrine gland? ✔️A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body surface.
Where is the thymus located? ✔️mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? ✔️center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? ✔️abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? ✔️sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? ✔️on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located? ✔️posterior to the stomach
What are the two steroid hormones? ✔️Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones ✔️-diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones. ✔️Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which
body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? ✔️The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing
and secreting hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains
connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? ✔️Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones ✔️stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
anterior pituitary hormones ✔️ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones ✔️ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids
in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones ✔️Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration
, Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones ✔️PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in
the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones ✔️epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
adrenal cortex hormones ✔️Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism
Pancreas hormones ✔️Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin
pineal gland hormone ✔️Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones ✔️Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike? ✔️Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant
How are glucagon and insulin different? ✔️Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and insulin promotes the
formation of glycogen from glucose
How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus? ✔️Diabetes insipitus - a person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of urine
output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes no insulin. Type 2 occurs when the body reaches insulin
resistance
How are pheromones different than hormones? ✔️Pheromones are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in
physical attraction between people.
How does aging affect the endocrine system? ✔️As people get older, their endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular strength decreases as GH
levels decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin levels decrease, and insulin resistance may develop.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. ✔️Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L.
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Describe the different formed elements and their origins ✔️RBCs originate in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts (stem cells) which then
differentiate in a process called hematopoiesis.
WBCs are called leukocytes and are split into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are half the size of a RBC.
Compare the formed elements of the blood. ✔️RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's
tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC ✔️4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
What is a hormone and how does it act? ✔️Hormones are chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
What is a paracrine gland? ✔️a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only neighboring cells
What is an autocrine gland? ✔️A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
What is an endocrine gland? ✔️A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target cells
What is an exocrine gland? ✔️A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body surface.
Where is the thymus located? ✔️mediastinum; behind the sternum
Where is the pineal gland located? ✔️center of brain
Where are the reproductive organs located? ✔️abdomen; pelvic
Where is the pituitary gland located? ✔️sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of the brain
Where are the adrenal glands located? ✔️on top of each kidney
Where is the pancreas located? ✔️posterior to the stomach
What are the two steroid hormones? ✔️Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones; estrogen and testosterone
Describe steroid hormones ✔️-diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
Describe non-steroid hormones. ✔️Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which
body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? ✔️The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing
and secreting hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains
connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that
regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? ✔️Hypothalamus
Describe tropic hormones ✔️stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
anterior pituitary hormones ✔️ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
posterior pituitary hormones ✔️ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids
in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
Thyroid hormones ✔️Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration
, Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
Parathyroid hormones ✔️PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in
the bones, kidneys, and intestines
adrenal medulla hormones ✔️epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
adrenal cortex hormones ✔️Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of sodium and potassium ions
Cortisol - affects glucose metabolism and influences proteins and fat metabolism
Pancreas hormones ✔️Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon and insulin
pineal gland hormone ✔️Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian rhythms
Thymus Gland Hormones ✔️Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
How are glucagon and insulin alike? ✔️Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant
How are glucagon and insulin different? ✔️Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose and insulin promotes the
formation of glycogen from glucose
How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus? ✔️Diabetes insipitus - a person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of urine
output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes no insulin. Type 2 occurs when the body reaches insulin
resistance
How are pheromones different than hormones? ✔️Pheromones are a type of hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in
physical attraction between people.
How does aging affect the endocrine system? ✔️As people get older, their endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular strength decreases as GH
levels decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin levels decrease, and insulin resistance may develop.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. ✔️Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L.
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Describe the different formed elements and their origins ✔️RBCs originate in red bone marrow from hemocytoblasts (stem cells) which then
differentiate in a process called hematopoiesis.
WBCs are called leukocytes and are split into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are half the size of a RBC.
Compare the formed elements of the blood. ✔️RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's
tissues, WBCs fight infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC ✔️4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
