NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm 2026 With Complete Solution
Asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔-airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct answer
<<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
<<<<<💕💕💕✔✔columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
<<<<<💕💕💕✔✔smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔-expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔tiotropium
and ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors
of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from
the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔there is hypoxia
due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔when blood passes from the right
ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Midterm 2026 With Complete Solution
Asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔-airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct answer
<<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory
response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
<<<<<💕💕💕✔✔columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
<<<<<💕💕💕✔✔smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔-expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔tiotropium
and ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors
of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive years
Perfusion - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from
the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔there is hypoxia
due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - correct answer <<<<<💕💕💕✔✔when blood passes from the right
ventricle through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
