COUC 504 WEEK 5 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Terminology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Black Americans began labeling them-selves publicly as a group
most noticeably in the 1960s, with the expression "Black is beautiful"
- term African American came about in the 1980s
demographics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- African Americans make up approximately 12.6% (38.9 million)
of the U.S. population
- population has grown by over 12% since year 2000
- The Black population has slightly more females (52.3%) than males (47.7%), with nearly 26% of the
population under 18 years and only 9.7% over 65 years
- The Black population has slightly more females (52.3%) than males (47.7%), with nearly 26% of the
population under 18 years and only 9.7% over 65 year
- Of those 98,304 African immigrants, 13,097 were from Ethiopia; 10,265 came from Ghana; 6,123
identified Kenya as their country of origin; 13,840 were Nigerian; and 59 were from South Sudan
- large numbers of Black Caribbean immigrants came to the United States primarily from three
countries: Haiti (20,351), Jamaica (19,400), and Trinidad and Tobago (4,724). To this list of countries we
must add and consider Haitians coming from the Dominican Republic (41,311)
- Black immigrants to the United States are outnumbered by non-Black Latino/a and Asian immigrants,
the Black immigrant population has more than quadrupled, from 816,000 in 1980 to 3,793,000 in 2013
- poverty rate for African Americans remains nearly 3 times higher than that of White Americans (27.2%
vs. 9.6%
- the unemployment rate for African Americans remains twice as high as that of White Americans (13.1%
vs. 6.5%
- Blacks are incarcerated at a rate 5 times higher than Whites
- 20.8% of Blacks are college graduates from 4-year universities, as opposed to 43.3% of Whites
- African Americans have the lowest high school graduation rate
African American History - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Europeans were responsible for the categorical
system based on race, the darker one's skin and the further an individual's features were from the
European standard, the lower was the status of the individual in society
- Racial categories were always hierarchical, with the darkest individuals compared to animals and the
lightest individuals considered to be made in "God's image."
,- the more White blood slaves had, the more privileges they had over their darker counterparts. Lighter
skinned slaves were able to work in the slave owner's house, and darker skinned slaves had to work
outdoors all day
- first Africans arrived in the United States in 1619 as indentured servants
- From the mid-1600s through 1965, laws were used to justify the physical, mental, and spiritual abuse
of African Americans. Early models of mental health pathologized Africans
- Laws considered slaves to be one tenth of a human being.
- Black families are not strictly nuclear, and Black children are often raised by their close biological
relatives and extended family
- African Americans are less likely to use mental health counseling services and are more likely to be
misdiagnosed
scientific racism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅an unethical practice initiated during the middle of the 18th
century through the beginning of the 20th century whereby pseudoscientists played an integral role in
promulgating myths that indigenous non-Whites were racially inferior
one-drop rule - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅states that having one drop of Black blood makes one Black
colorism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅where African Americans with lighter skin are often perceived as
having an easier time than African Americans with darker skin
- a form of internalized racism, wherein lighter skin is sometimes more valued than darker skin in the
African-American community
- skin color can be related to self-esteem, body image issues, and feelings of attractiveness
- Those with "black skin" do not all have the same culture
drapetomania - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅was said to be a noted mental illness of slaves who tried to
escape from their owners
Post-civil war reconstruction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- the brief historical period between the end of
enslavement in 1865 and the beginning of the Jim crow era in 1877
Jim crow laws - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅maintained and supported segregationist policies that governed
the lives of Blacks in America
, - These racist policies were enforced by legal institutions such as the police and courthouses through the
1960s.
- Blacks have been seen as a "problem people," a people to be hated and feared, and a threat
Black Racial Identity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Black identity can have negative implications for mental
health issues and self-esteem
- a positive racial identity serves a protective function for individuals of African descent shielding them
from negative societal messages about being Black
- African-American adolescents who received affirming cultural socialization messages within schools
were less likely to experience adverse consequences
Cross Model of Racial Identity (1971) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- is a prominent framework for
understanding Black racial identity
- model describes a process by which most African Americans come to embrace and internalize a
positive Black identity despite instances of racial discrimination and negative societal messages about
being Black
Sellers, Smith, Shelton, Rowley, and Chavous (1998) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅developed a
multidimensional model of racial identity that provides a framework for understanding both the
significance of race in the self-concept of African Americans and the qualitative meaning that is
attributed to being a member of that racial category
acculturation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- refers to specific influences on socialization and how one's racial
identity is practiced
- speaks more to culture than race
- is the extent to which ethnic minorities and immigrants participate in the cultural values, beliefs, and
practices of their own culture versus those of the mainstream culture
- Highly acculturated clients may wish to use Black organizations (e.g., churches, fraternities and
sororities, Black-run charities, Black-owned businesses) as a source of emotional, financial, and social
support
- Acculturation is also a phenomenon germane to the experiences of people of African descent born
outside this country
Terminology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Black Americans began labeling them-selves publicly as a group
most noticeably in the 1960s, with the expression "Black is beautiful"
- term African American came about in the 1980s
demographics - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- African Americans make up approximately 12.6% (38.9 million)
of the U.S. population
- population has grown by over 12% since year 2000
- The Black population has slightly more females (52.3%) than males (47.7%), with nearly 26% of the
population under 18 years and only 9.7% over 65 years
- The Black population has slightly more females (52.3%) than males (47.7%), with nearly 26% of the
population under 18 years and only 9.7% over 65 year
- Of those 98,304 African immigrants, 13,097 were from Ethiopia; 10,265 came from Ghana; 6,123
identified Kenya as their country of origin; 13,840 were Nigerian; and 59 were from South Sudan
- large numbers of Black Caribbean immigrants came to the United States primarily from three
countries: Haiti (20,351), Jamaica (19,400), and Trinidad and Tobago (4,724). To this list of countries we
must add and consider Haitians coming from the Dominican Republic (41,311)
- Black immigrants to the United States are outnumbered by non-Black Latino/a and Asian immigrants,
the Black immigrant population has more than quadrupled, from 816,000 in 1980 to 3,793,000 in 2013
- poverty rate for African Americans remains nearly 3 times higher than that of White Americans (27.2%
vs. 9.6%
- the unemployment rate for African Americans remains twice as high as that of White Americans (13.1%
vs. 6.5%
- Blacks are incarcerated at a rate 5 times higher than Whites
- 20.8% of Blacks are college graduates from 4-year universities, as opposed to 43.3% of Whites
- African Americans have the lowest high school graduation rate
African American History - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Europeans were responsible for the categorical
system based on race, the darker one's skin and the further an individual's features were from the
European standard, the lower was the status of the individual in society
- Racial categories were always hierarchical, with the darkest individuals compared to animals and the
lightest individuals considered to be made in "God's image."
,- the more White blood slaves had, the more privileges they had over their darker counterparts. Lighter
skinned slaves were able to work in the slave owner's house, and darker skinned slaves had to work
outdoors all day
- first Africans arrived in the United States in 1619 as indentured servants
- From the mid-1600s through 1965, laws were used to justify the physical, mental, and spiritual abuse
of African Americans. Early models of mental health pathologized Africans
- Laws considered slaves to be one tenth of a human being.
- Black families are not strictly nuclear, and Black children are often raised by their close biological
relatives and extended family
- African Americans are less likely to use mental health counseling services and are more likely to be
misdiagnosed
scientific racism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅an unethical practice initiated during the middle of the 18th
century through the beginning of the 20th century whereby pseudoscientists played an integral role in
promulgating myths that indigenous non-Whites were racially inferior
one-drop rule - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅states that having one drop of Black blood makes one Black
colorism - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅where African Americans with lighter skin are often perceived as
having an easier time than African Americans with darker skin
- a form of internalized racism, wherein lighter skin is sometimes more valued than darker skin in the
African-American community
- skin color can be related to self-esteem, body image issues, and feelings of attractiveness
- Those with "black skin" do not all have the same culture
drapetomania - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅was said to be a noted mental illness of slaves who tried to
escape from their owners
Post-civil war reconstruction - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- the brief historical period between the end of
enslavement in 1865 and the beginning of the Jim crow era in 1877
Jim crow laws - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅maintained and supported segregationist policies that governed
the lives of Blacks in America
, - These racist policies were enforced by legal institutions such as the police and courthouses through the
1960s.
- Blacks have been seen as a "problem people," a people to be hated and feared, and a threat
Black Racial Identity - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- Black identity can have negative implications for mental
health issues and self-esteem
- a positive racial identity serves a protective function for individuals of African descent shielding them
from negative societal messages about being Black
- African-American adolescents who received affirming cultural socialization messages within schools
were less likely to experience adverse consequences
Cross Model of Racial Identity (1971) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- is a prominent framework for
understanding Black racial identity
- model describes a process by which most African Americans come to embrace and internalize a
positive Black identity despite instances of racial discrimination and negative societal messages about
being Black
Sellers, Smith, Shelton, Rowley, and Chavous (1998) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅developed a
multidimensional model of racial identity that provides a framework for understanding both the
significance of race in the self-concept of African Americans and the qualitative meaning that is
attributed to being a member of that racial category
acculturation - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- refers to specific influences on socialization and how one's racial
identity is practiced
- speaks more to culture than race
- is the extent to which ethnic minorities and immigrants participate in the cultural values, beliefs, and
practices of their own culture versus those of the mainstream culture
- Highly acculturated clients may wish to use Black organizations (e.g., churches, fraternities and
sororities, Black-run charities, Black-owned businesses) as a source of emotional, financial, and social
support
- Acculturation is also a phenomenon germane to the experiences of people of African descent born
outside this country
