B6 The Changing Nature
B6 Theof Changing
Warfare and
Nature
B6International
Theof Changing
Warfare
Conflict,
and
Nature
International
1919–2011
of Warfare
Conflict,
and
– International
Lecture
1919–2011
NotesConflict,
_–
Study
Lecture
1919–2011
Material.pdf
Notes _–
Study
Lecture
Material.pdf
Notes _ Study Material.pdf
B6 The Changing
Nature of Warfare
and International
Conflict, 1919–2011
– Lecture Notes /
Study Material
B6 The Changing Nature
B6 Theof Changing
Warfare and
Nature
B6International
Theof Changing
Warfare
Conflict,
and
Nature
International
1919–2011
of Warfare
Conflict,
and
– International
Lecture
1919–2011
NotesConflict,
_–
Study
Lecture
1919–2011
Material.pdf
Notes _–
Study
Lecture
Material.pdf
Notes _ Study Material.pdf
,B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
Gas tanks and heavy artillery after the First World War Main pattern:
* Armies wanted to avoid the trench deadlock of 1914 to 18
* In the First World War artillery caused about 75 percent of casualties and
remained the main land killer
* Tanks improved in speed, armour and reliability in the 1920s and 1930s
* Gas stayed feared after 1918 and was later used by Italy in Abyssinia in 1935 to
36
Useful specifics:
* Gas types in the First World War included chlorine 1915, phosgene 1916 and
mustard 1917
* British tanks developed from Mk I to later models and Germany also used tanks
such as the A7V
* J F C Fuller, Liddell Hart and Guderian all pushed ideas of mobility after 1918
Limits:
* Early interwar tanks were still mechanically unreliable
* Heavy artillery still encouraged slow set piece fighting
* Gas was banned by the Geneva Protocol in 1925
What it proved:
* Land warfare was changing after 1918, but old destructive methods still
mattered
B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
,B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
Military aircraft before 1939 What it was:
* Growing use of fighter and bomber aircraft between the wars
How it developed:
* Aircraft became faster, stronger and able to carry heavier loads in the 1920s
and 1930s
* Fighters aimed to control the air and bombers could strike far behind the front
* Douhet argued future wars could be won from the air and encouraged belief in
strategic bombing
Best examples:
* Italy used aircraft heavily in Abyssinia in 1935 to 36
* Japan used aircraft in East Asia, including Shanghai 1932 and wider war from
1937
* Guernica was bombed in April 1937 in the Spanish Civil War
Limits:
* Bombing accuracy was still poor
* Aircraft often worked best against weaker enemies with little air defence
What it proved:
* Air power was moving from support role to major offensive weapon before
1939
B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
, B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
Submarines before 1939 What they were:
* Underwater warships used for surprise attack on shipping and fleets
Why they mattered:
* In the First World War German submarines sank about 5000 Allied ships and 11
million tons of shipping
* Britain was left with about six weeks of food in 1917, showing how dangerous
submarine warfare could be
* Naval planners saw submarines as strategic weapons against supply routes
Limits:
* Early submarines had limited underwater speed, endurance and
communication
* They were vulnerable once forced to surface
What it proved:
* Sea warfare was moving towards stealth and long range attack before 1939
B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
B6 Theof Changing
Warfare and
Nature
B6International
Theof Changing
Warfare
Conflict,
and
Nature
International
1919–2011
of Warfare
Conflict,
and
– International
Lecture
1919–2011
NotesConflict,
_–
Study
Lecture
1919–2011
Material.pdf
Notes _–
Study
Lecture
Material.pdf
Notes _ Study Material.pdf
B6 The Changing
Nature of Warfare
and International
Conflict, 1919–2011
– Lecture Notes /
Study Material
B6 The Changing Nature
B6 Theof Changing
Warfare and
Nature
B6International
Theof Changing
Warfare
Conflict,
and
Nature
International
1919–2011
of Warfare
Conflict,
and
– International
Lecture
1919–2011
NotesConflict,
_–
Study
Lecture
1919–2011
Material.pdf
Notes _–
Study
Lecture
Material.pdf
Notes _ Study Material.pdf
,B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
Gas tanks and heavy artillery after the First World War Main pattern:
* Armies wanted to avoid the trench deadlock of 1914 to 18
* In the First World War artillery caused about 75 percent of casualties and
remained the main land killer
* Tanks improved in speed, armour and reliability in the 1920s and 1930s
* Gas stayed feared after 1918 and was later used by Italy in Abyssinia in 1935 to
36
Useful specifics:
* Gas types in the First World War included chlorine 1915, phosgene 1916 and
mustard 1917
* British tanks developed from Mk I to later models and Germany also used tanks
such as the A7V
* J F C Fuller, Liddell Hart and Guderian all pushed ideas of mobility after 1918
Limits:
* Early interwar tanks were still mechanically unreliable
* Heavy artillery still encouraged slow set piece fighting
* Gas was banned by the Geneva Protocol in 1925
What it proved:
* Land warfare was changing after 1918, but old destructive methods still
mattered
B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
,B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
Military aircraft before 1939 What it was:
* Growing use of fighter and bomber aircraft between the wars
How it developed:
* Aircraft became faster, stronger and able to carry heavier loads in the 1920s
and 1930s
* Fighters aimed to control the air and bombers could strike far behind the front
* Douhet argued future wars could be won from the air and encouraged belief in
strategic bombing
Best examples:
* Italy used aircraft heavily in Abyssinia in 1935 to 36
* Japan used aircraft in East Asia, including Shanghai 1932 and wider war from
1937
* Guernica was bombed in April 1937 in the Spanish Civil War
Limits:
* Bombing accuracy was still poor
* Aircraft often worked best against weaker enemies with little air defence
What it proved:
* Air power was moving from support role to major offensive weapon before
1939
B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
, B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
Submarines before 1939 What they were:
* Underwater warships used for surprise attack on shipping and fleets
Why they mattered:
* In the First World War German submarines sank about 5000 Allied ships and 11
million tons of shipping
* Britain was left with about six weeks of food in 1917, showing how dangerous
submarine warfare could be
* Naval planners saw submarines as strategic weapons against supply routes
Limits:
* Early submarines had limited underwater speed, endurance and
communication
* They were vulnerable once forced to surface
What it proved:
* Sea warfare was moving towards stealth and long range attack before 1939
B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf B6 The changing nature of warfare and international conflict, 1919–2011.pdf
