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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 FINAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS DETAILED
RATIONALE
1. Red blood cells live about how long?
A) 30 days
B) 60 days
C) 120 days
D) 180 days
Correct Answer: C) 120 days
Rationale: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) have an average lifespan of
approximately 120 days. After this time, they are removed by phagocytes in the
spleen and liver.
2. Hemoglobin is made up of which of the following?
A) Glucose and amino acids
B) Heme and globin proteins
C) Iron and albumin
D) Lipids and globulin
Correct Answer: B) Heme and globin proteins
Rationale: Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein composed of four heme groups
(each containing an iron atom) and four globin protein chains (two alpha and two
beta).
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3. What are the two pigments that result from the breakdown of red blood cells?
A) Bilirubin and biliverdin
B) Heme and globin
C) Melanin and carotene
D) Hemoglobin and myoglobin
Correct Answer: A) Bilirubin and biliverdin
Rationale: When RBCs are broken down, heme is first converted to greenish
biliverdin, then to yellowish bilirubin. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and
excreted in bile.
4. What are the two main functions of hemoglobin?
A) Transport oxygen and produce antibodies
B) Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and buffer pH
C) Clot blood and fight infection
D) Transport nutrients and hormones
Correct Answer: B) Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and buffer pH
Rationale: Hemoglobin carries O2 from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to
lungs. It also binds hydrogen ions, helping to maintain blood pH balance.
5. What is erythropoietin?
A) A hormone that destroys red blood cells
B) A hormone produced by the liver that increases white blood cell formation
C) A hormone produced by the kidney that increases red blood cell formation
D) An enzyme that breaks down hemoglobin
Correct Answer: C) A hormone produced by the kidney that increases red blood
cell formation
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is released by the kidneys in response to low
oxygen levels and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
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6. Red blood cells are known as:
A) Leukocytes
B) Thrombocytes
C) Erythrocytes
D) Phagocytes
Correct Answer: C) Erythrocytes
Rationale: Erythrocytes is the scientific term for red blood cells. Leukocytes are
white blood cells, and thrombocytes are platelets.
7. Which white blood cells are classified as granulocytes?
A) Lymphocytes and monocytes
B) Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
C) Macrophages and dendritic cells
D) Plasma cells and memory cells
Correct Answer: B) Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
Rationale: Granulocytes contain visible granules in their cytoplasm and have lobed
nuclei. The three types are basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
8. What are tissue phagocytes called?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Neutrophils
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
Correct Answer: C) Macrophages
Rationale: Macrophages are large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes. They
reside in tissues and engulf pathogens, dead cells, and debris.
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9. Which white blood cell is increased in allergic reactions or in asthma caused
by allergies? A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Lymphocytes
D) Eosinophils
Correct Answer: D) Eosinophils
Rationale: Eosinophils increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
They release enzymes that combat histamine and destroy parasites.
10. Monocytes are the largest white blood cells. What are they?
A) Mature macrophages
B) Immature macrophages
C) Antibody-producing cells
D) Granulocytes
Correct Answer: B) Immature macrophages
Rationale: Monocytes circulate in the blood and migrate into tissues, where they
mature into macrophages.
11. Which white blood cells are phagocytes?
A) Lymphocytes and basophils
B) Macrophages and neutrophils
C) Eosinophils and basophils
D) Plasma cells and memory cells
Correct Answer: B) Macrophages and neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant phagocytes in blood, while
macrophages are phagocytes in tissues. Both engulf and destroy pathogens.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2 FINAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS DETAILED
RATIONALE
1. Red blood cells live about how long?
A) 30 days
B) 60 days
C) 120 days
D) 180 days
Correct Answer: C) 120 days
Rationale: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) have an average lifespan of
approximately 120 days. After this time, they are removed by phagocytes in the
spleen and liver.
2. Hemoglobin is made up of which of the following?
A) Glucose and amino acids
B) Heme and globin proteins
C) Iron and albumin
D) Lipids and globulin
Correct Answer: B) Heme and globin proteins
Rationale: Hemoglobin is a quaternary protein composed of four heme groups
(each containing an iron atom) and four globin protein chains (two alpha and two
beta).
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3. What are the two pigments that result from the breakdown of red blood cells?
A) Bilirubin and biliverdin
B) Heme and globin
C) Melanin and carotene
D) Hemoglobin and myoglobin
Correct Answer: A) Bilirubin and biliverdin
Rationale: When RBCs are broken down, heme is first converted to greenish
biliverdin, then to yellowish bilirubin. Bilirubin is processed by the liver and
excreted in bile.
4. What are the two main functions of hemoglobin?
A) Transport oxygen and produce antibodies
B) Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and buffer pH
C) Clot blood and fight infection
D) Transport nutrients and hormones
Correct Answer: B) Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and buffer pH
Rationale: Hemoglobin carries O2 from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to
lungs. It also binds hydrogen ions, helping to maintain blood pH balance.
5. What is erythropoietin?
A) A hormone that destroys red blood cells
B) A hormone produced by the liver that increases white blood cell formation
C) A hormone produced by the kidney that increases red blood cell formation
D) An enzyme that breaks down hemoglobin
Correct Answer: C) A hormone produced by the kidney that increases red blood
cell formation
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO) is released by the kidneys in response to low
oxygen levels and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.
,3 | Page
6. Red blood cells are known as:
A) Leukocytes
B) Thrombocytes
C) Erythrocytes
D) Phagocytes
Correct Answer: C) Erythrocytes
Rationale: Erythrocytes is the scientific term for red blood cells. Leukocytes are
white blood cells, and thrombocytes are platelets.
7. Which white blood cells are classified as granulocytes?
A) Lymphocytes and monocytes
B) Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
C) Macrophages and dendritic cells
D) Plasma cells and memory cells
Correct Answer: B) Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
Rationale: Granulocytes contain visible granules in their cytoplasm and have lobed
nuclei. The three types are basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
8. What are tissue phagocytes called?
A) Lymphocytes
B) Neutrophils
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
Correct Answer: C) Macrophages
Rationale: Macrophages are large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes. They
reside in tissues and engulf pathogens, dead cells, and debris.
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9. Which white blood cell is increased in allergic reactions or in asthma caused
by allergies? A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Lymphocytes
D) Eosinophils
Correct Answer: D) Eosinophils
Rationale: Eosinophils increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections.
They release enzymes that combat histamine and destroy parasites.
10. Monocytes are the largest white blood cells. What are they?
A) Mature macrophages
B) Immature macrophages
C) Antibody-producing cells
D) Granulocytes
Correct Answer: B) Immature macrophages
Rationale: Monocytes circulate in the blood and migrate into tissues, where they
mature into macrophages.
11. Which white blood cells are phagocytes?
A) Lymphocytes and basophils
B) Macrophages and neutrophils
C) Eosinophils and basophils
D) Plasma cells and memory cells
Correct Answer: B) Macrophages and neutrophils
Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant phagocytes in blood, while
macrophages are phagocytes in tissues. Both engulf and destroy pathogens.
