ASU BIO 201: EXAM 3,
Comprehensive Questions Merged
With Correct Verified And Well
Analyzed answers | Already Graded A+
| 2026 Latest Update!!!
2 main division of the nervous system and organs of each - ANSWER-
Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, all the nervous system
except brain and spinal cord)
2 main pathways of ATP synthesis - ANSWER-Anaerobic fermentation:
cells make little ATP w/out oxygen, produces lactic acid (a major part
in muscle fatigue)
Aerobic respiration: produces more ATP, less toxic end products (CO2
and water), requires constant supply of O2
2 types of long-term memory - ANSWER-declarative and procedural
,2 types of smooth muscles - ANSWER-Multiunit: occurs in some of the
largest arteries and pulmonary air passages, in piloerector muscles of
hair follicle, and in iris of eye
-autonomic innervation similar to skeletal muscle
Single-unit: more widespread, occurs in most blood vessels, in the
digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts (visceral
muscle)
3 fundamental types of neurons and their functions - ANSWER-
Sensory (afferent) neurons: detect changes in environment called
stimuli, transmit info to brain or spinal cord
Interneurons (association neurons): between sensory and motor
pathways in CNS, 90% of our neurons are interneurons, they process,
store, and retrieve info
Motor (efferent) neuron: send signals to muscle and gland cells,
organs that carry out responses called effectors
3 kinds of muscle tissue - ANSWER-skeletal, cardiac, smooth
3 kinds of myofilaments found in a myofibril - ANSWER-Thick
filaments: myosin proteins
Thin filaments: primarily actin proteins
Elastic filaments: titin (connecting) proteins
3 meninges - ANSWER-Dura mater: tough collagenous membrane
surround by epidural space
Arachnoid mater: layer of simple squamous epithelium lining dura
mater and loose mesh of fibers filled with CSF
,Pia mater: delicate membrane adherent to spinal cord (filium
terminale, denticulate ligaments)
3 pairs of funiculi - ANSWER-dorsal, lateral, and anterior columns
-each column is filled with named tracts or fasciculi fiber with a similar
origin, destination, and function
3 reasons why smooth muscle can be anywhere from half to twice its
resting length and still contract powerfully - ANSWER--there are no z
discs, so thick filaments can't butt against them and stop contraction
-since the thick and thin filaments aren't arranged in orderly
sarcomeres, stretching doesn't cause a situation where there is too
little overlap for cross-bridges to form
-the thick filaments of smooth muscle have myosin heads along their
entire length, so cross-bridges can form anywhere
3 steps of how the nervous system functions - ANSWER-1. Sense
organs receive info
2. Brain and spinal cord process this info
3. Brain and spinal cord issue commands to muscles and gland cells
4 major phases of contraction and relaxation - ANSWER-Excitation:
nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials
Excitation-contraction coupling: events that link the action potentials
on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby
preparing them to contract
Contraction: muscle fiber develops tensions and shortens
, Relaxation: when work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to
its resting length
5 nerve plexuses and their locations - ANSWER-Cervical C1-C5
Brachial C5-T1
Lumbar L1-L4
Sacral L4, L5 and S1-S4
Coccygeal S4, S5, and C0
6 types of neuroglial cells - ANSWER-1. Oligodendrocytes: form myelin
sheaths in CNS
2. Astrocytes: must abundant, protoplasmic (contribute to blood-brain
barrier, secrete nerve growth factors, regulate composition of tissue
fluid)
3. Ependymal cells: line cavities and form CSF
4. Microglia: formed from monocytes (concentrate in areas of
infection, trauma or strength)
5. Schwann cells: myelinate fibers of PNS
6. Satellite cells insulate nuerosomas in PNS ganglia
absolute vs relative refractory period - ANSWER-Absolute: no stimulus
of any strength will trigger aP, from action potential to RMP
Relative: only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP, K+ gates
are still open and any effect of incoming Na+ is opposed by the
outgoing K+
Comprehensive Questions Merged
With Correct Verified And Well
Analyzed answers | Already Graded A+
| 2026 Latest Update!!!
2 main division of the nervous system and organs of each - ANSWER-
Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia, all the nervous system
except brain and spinal cord)
2 main pathways of ATP synthesis - ANSWER-Anaerobic fermentation:
cells make little ATP w/out oxygen, produces lactic acid (a major part
in muscle fatigue)
Aerobic respiration: produces more ATP, less toxic end products (CO2
and water), requires constant supply of O2
2 types of long-term memory - ANSWER-declarative and procedural
,2 types of smooth muscles - ANSWER-Multiunit: occurs in some of the
largest arteries and pulmonary air passages, in piloerector muscles of
hair follicle, and in iris of eye
-autonomic innervation similar to skeletal muscle
Single-unit: more widespread, occurs in most blood vessels, in the
digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts (visceral
muscle)
3 fundamental types of neurons and their functions - ANSWER-
Sensory (afferent) neurons: detect changes in environment called
stimuli, transmit info to brain or spinal cord
Interneurons (association neurons): between sensory and motor
pathways in CNS, 90% of our neurons are interneurons, they process,
store, and retrieve info
Motor (efferent) neuron: send signals to muscle and gland cells,
organs that carry out responses called effectors
3 kinds of muscle tissue - ANSWER-skeletal, cardiac, smooth
3 kinds of myofilaments found in a myofibril - ANSWER-Thick
filaments: myosin proteins
Thin filaments: primarily actin proteins
Elastic filaments: titin (connecting) proteins
3 meninges - ANSWER-Dura mater: tough collagenous membrane
surround by epidural space
Arachnoid mater: layer of simple squamous epithelium lining dura
mater and loose mesh of fibers filled with CSF
,Pia mater: delicate membrane adherent to spinal cord (filium
terminale, denticulate ligaments)
3 pairs of funiculi - ANSWER-dorsal, lateral, and anterior columns
-each column is filled with named tracts or fasciculi fiber with a similar
origin, destination, and function
3 reasons why smooth muscle can be anywhere from half to twice its
resting length and still contract powerfully - ANSWER--there are no z
discs, so thick filaments can't butt against them and stop contraction
-since the thick and thin filaments aren't arranged in orderly
sarcomeres, stretching doesn't cause a situation where there is too
little overlap for cross-bridges to form
-the thick filaments of smooth muscle have myosin heads along their
entire length, so cross-bridges can form anywhere
3 steps of how the nervous system functions - ANSWER-1. Sense
organs receive info
2. Brain and spinal cord process this info
3. Brain and spinal cord issue commands to muscles and gland cells
4 major phases of contraction and relaxation - ANSWER-Excitation:
nerve action potentials lead to muscle action potentials
Excitation-contraction coupling: events that link the action potentials
on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments, thereby
preparing them to contract
Contraction: muscle fiber develops tensions and shortens
, Relaxation: when work is done, a muscle fiber relaxes and returns to
its resting length
5 nerve plexuses and their locations - ANSWER-Cervical C1-C5
Brachial C5-T1
Lumbar L1-L4
Sacral L4, L5 and S1-S4
Coccygeal S4, S5, and C0
6 types of neuroglial cells - ANSWER-1. Oligodendrocytes: form myelin
sheaths in CNS
2. Astrocytes: must abundant, protoplasmic (contribute to blood-brain
barrier, secrete nerve growth factors, regulate composition of tissue
fluid)
3. Ependymal cells: line cavities and form CSF
4. Microglia: formed from monocytes (concentrate in areas of
infection, trauma or strength)
5. Schwann cells: myelinate fibers of PNS
6. Satellite cells insulate nuerosomas in PNS ganglia
absolute vs relative refractory period - ANSWER-Absolute: no stimulus
of any strength will trigger aP, from action potential to RMP
Relative: only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP, K+ gates
are still open and any effect of incoming Na+ is opposed by the
outgoing K+
