BIOD 151 / BIOD 152 ESSENTIAL HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I & II
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - 100% VERIFIED - LATEST 2026/2027
GUARANTEED PASS
1. Q: What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? ANSWER
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to
one another. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and how
they work together.
2. Q: List the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex.
ANSWER Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System →
Organism.
3. Q: What are the six characteristics of life? ANSWER Organization,
metabolism, responsiveness, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.
4. Q: Define homeostasis. ANSWER Homeostasis is the maintenance of a
stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
5. Q: What is the anatomical position? ANSWER Standing upright, facing
forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and feet slightly apart.
6. Q: What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral body cavities?
ANSWER The dorsal cavity contains the cranial and vertebral cavities (brain
and spinal cord). The ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities (heart, lungs, digestive organs).
7. Q: Name the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity. ANSWER Cranial
cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity.
8. Q: What organs are found in the mediastinum? ANSWER The heart,
thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.
9. Q: What is the difference between positive and negative feedback
mechanisms? ANSWER Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain
homeostasis (most common). Positive feedback amplifies a change to
complete a process (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).
,10. Q: Give an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the body.
ANSWER Childbirth — oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, which
stimulate more oxytocin release.
11. Q: What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
ANSWER The frontal (coronal) plane.
12. Q: What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
ANSWER The transverse (horizontal) plane.
13. Q: What plane divides the body into left and right halves? ANSWER The
sagittal plane (midsagittal if equal halves).
14. Q: What is the difference between proximal and distal? ANSWER Proximal
is closer to the point of attachment or origin; distal is farther from the point of
attachment.
15. Q: What is the difference between superficial and deep? ANSWER
Superficial is toward the body surface; deep is away from the body surface.
16. Q: What is the serous membrane surrounding the lungs called? ANSWER
The pleura (visceral pleura covers the lungs; parietal pleura lines the thoracic
wall).
17. Q: What is the serous membrane surrounding the heart called? ANSWER
The pericardium.
18. Q: What is the serous membrane surrounding the abdominal organs
called? ANSWER The peritoneum.
19. Q: What is the difference between the parietal and visceral layers of a
serous membrane? ANSWER The parietal layer lines the cavity wall; the
visceral layer covers the organ. Between them is serous fluid that reduces
friction.
20. Q: List the 11 organ systems of the human body. ANSWER Integumentary,
skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory,
digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Module 2: Chemistry of Life (Questions 21–40)
21. Q: What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
ANSWER Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
, 22. Q: What is an atom composed of? ANSWER Protons (positive charge, in
nucleus), neutrons (neutral, in nucleus), and electrons (negative charge,
orbiting nucleus).
23. Q: What is the atomic number of an element? ANSWER The number of
protons in the nucleus.
24. Q: What is an isotope? ANSWER Atoms of the same element with the
same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
25. Q: What is a covalent bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed when
atoms share electron pairs.
26. Q: What is an ionic bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed when one
atom transfers electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that
attract each other.
27. Q: What is a hydrogen bond? ANSWER A weak attraction between a
hydrogen atom (partially positive) and an electronegative atom like oxygen or
nitrogen.
28. Q: Why is water considered a polar molecule? ANSWER Because oxygen is
more electronegative than hydrogen, creating an uneven distribution of charge
(partial negative near oxygen, partial positive near hydrogens).
29. Q: What is pH? ANSWER A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
(H⁺) in a solution; pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic (alkaline).
30. Q: What is the normal pH range of human blood? ANSWER 7.35 to 7.45
(slightly alkaline).
31. Q: What is a buffer? ANSWER A substance that resists changes in pH by
accepting or donating H⁺ ions.
32. Q: What are the four major types of biological macromolecules? ANSWER
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
33. Q: What is the monomer (building block) of carbohydrates? ANSWER
Monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose).
34. Q: What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body? ANSWER
To provide energy (ATP production).
35. Q: What are the building blocks of proteins? ANSWER Amino acids (20
different types).
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - 100% VERIFIED - LATEST 2026/2027
GUARANTEED PASS
1. Q: What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? ANSWER
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to
one another. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and how
they work together.
2. Q: List the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex.
ANSWER Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System →
Organism.
3. Q: What are the six characteristics of life? ANSWER Organization,
metabolism, responsiveness, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.
4. Q: Define homeostasis. ANSWER Homeostasis is the maintenance of a
stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
5. Q: What is the anatomical position? ANSWER Standing upright, facing
forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward, and feet slightly apart.
6. Q: What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral body cavities?
ANSWER The dorsal cavity contains the cranial and vertebral cavities (brain
and spinal cord). The ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities (heart, lungs, digestive organs).
7. Q: Name the two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity. ANSWER Cranial
cavity and vertebral (spinal) cavity.
8. Q: What organs are found in the mediastinum? ANSWER The heart,
thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.
9. Q: What is the difference between positive and negative feedback
mechanisms? ANSWER Negative feedback reverses a change to maintain
homeostasis (most common). Positive feedback amplifies a change to
complete a process (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).
,10. Q: Give an example of a positive feedback mechanism in the body.
ANSWER Childbirth — oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, which
stimulate more oxytocin release.
11. Q: What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
ANSWER The frontal (coronal) plane.
12. Q: What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
ANSWER The transverse (horizontal) plane.
13. Q: What plane divides the body into left and right halves? ANSWER The
sagittal plane (midsagittal if equal halves).
14. Q: What is the difference between proximal and distal? ANSWER Proximal
is closer to the point of attachment or origin; distal is farther from the point of
attachment.
15. Q: What is the difference between superficial and deep? ANSWER
Superficial is toward the body surface; deep is away from the body surface.
16. Q: What is the serous membrane surrounding the lungs called? ANSWER
The pleura (visceral pleura covers the lungs; parietal pleura lines the thoracic
wall).
17. Q: What is the serous membrane surrounding the heart called? ANSWER
The pericardium.
18. Q: What is the serous membrane surrounding the abdominal organs
called? ANSWER The peritoneum.
19. Q: What is the difference between the parietal and visceral layers of a
serous membrane? ANSWER The parietal layer lines the cavity wall; the
visceral layer covers the organ. Between them is serous fluid that reduces
friction.
20. Q: List the 11 organ systems of the human body. ANSWER Integumentary,
skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory,
digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Module 2: Chemistry of Life (Questions 21–40)
21. Q: What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?
ANSWER Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
, 22. Q: What is an atom composed of? ANSWER Protons (positive charge, in
nucleus), neutrons (neutral, in nucleus), and electrons (negative charge,
orbiting nucleus).
23. Q: What is the atomic number of an element? ANSWER The number of
protons in the nucleus.
24. Q: What is an isotope? ANSWER Atoms of the same element with the
same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
25. Q: What is a covalent bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed when
atoms share electron pairs.
26. Q: What is an ionic bond? ANSWER A chemical bond formed when one
atom transfers electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions that
attract each other.
27. Q: What is a hydrogen bond? ANSWER A weak attraction between a
hydrogen atom (partially positive) and an electronegative atom like oxygen or
nitrogen.
28. Q: Why is water considered a polar molecule? ANSWER Because oxygen is
more electronegative than hydrogen, creating an uneven distribution of charge
(partial negative near oxygen, partial positive near hydrogens).
29. Q: What is pH? ANSWER A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
(H⁺) in a solution; pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic (alkaline).
30. Q: What is the normal pH range of human blood? ANSWER 7.35 to 7.45
(slightly alkaline).
31. Q: What is a buffer? ANSWER A substance that resists changes in pH by
accepting or donating H⁺ ions.
32. Q: What are the four major types of biological macromolecules? ANSWER
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
33. Q: What is the monomer (building block) of carbohydrates? ANSWER
Monosaccharides (simple sugars like glucose).
34. Q: What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body? ANSWER
To provide energy (ATP production).
35. Q: What are the building blocks of proteins? ANSWER Amino acids (20
different types).
