BIOD 151 & BIOD 152 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
VERIFIED EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LATEST
VERSION 2026/2027 NEWEST VERSION
Q: What is Anatomy? ANSWER The study of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts.
Q: What is Physiology? ANSWER The study of how the body and its parts
function.
Q: What is the standard anatomical position? ANSWER Standing erect, facing
forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat.
Q: The "frontal plane" is also known as what? ANSWER The Coronal Plane.
Q: What plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? ANSWER The
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane.
Q: What is the dorsal body cavity? ANSWER The cavity containing the cranial
and spinal cavities.
Q: What is homeostasis? ANSWER The body's ability to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment despite external changes.
Q: What is the negative feedback mechanism? ANSWER A response that
reverses the original stimulus (e.g., body temperature regulation).
Q: What is a tissue? ANSWER A group of similar cells that perform a common
function.
Q: What is the study of tissues called? ANSWER Histology.
Q: Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities? ANSWER
Epithelial Tissue.
Q: What is the function of Connective Tissue? ANSWER To support, bind, and
protect body structures.
Q: What is the matrix of connective tissue made of? ANSWER Ground
substance and fibers.
Q: Which tissue type is responsible for movement? ANSWER Muscle Tissue.
,Q: What are the three types of muscle tissue? ANSWER Skeletal, Cardiac, and
Smooth.
Q: Which tissue type transmits electrical signals? ANSWER Nervous Tissue.
Q: What is the extracellular matrix? ANSWER The non-living material
surrounding cells in connective tissue.
Q: What are the four main types of membranes? ANSWER Mucous, Serous,
Cutaneous, and Synovial.
Q: What is apoptosis? ANSWER Programmed cell death.
Integumentary System (21–35)
Q: What are the two main layers of the skin? ANSWER Epidermis and Dermis.
Q: Which layer of the epidermis is constantly shedding dead cells? ANSWER
Stratum Corneum.
Q: Where is melanin produced? ANSWER In the melanocytes located in the
Stratum Basale.
Q: What protein makes the skin waterproof and tough? ANSWER Keratin.
Q: What is the function of sebum? ANSWER It lubricates the skin and hair, and
acts as an antibacterial agent.
Q: What are the two types of sweat glands? ANSWER Eccrine and Apocrine.
Q: Which sweat glands are found all over the body and produce watery sweat
for cooling? ANSWER Eccrine glands.
Q: Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and nerves? ANSWER The
Dermis.
Q: What gives skin its color? ANSWER Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin.
Q: What is the "hypodermis" composed of? ANSWER Adipose (fat) and
connective tissue.
Q: What is a hair follicle? ANSWER A structure from which hair grows.
Q: What is the function of the arrector pili muscle? ANSWER It causes
"goosebumps" by contracting.
Q: What part of the nail is visible? ANSWER The Nail Body.
, Q: What is the function of the skin in Vitamin D production? ANSWER It
synthesizes Vitamin D precursor when exposed to UV light.
Q: What causes a blister? ANSWER Fluid accumulation between the epidermis
and dermis due to friction.
Skeletal System (36–75)
Q: How many bones are in the adult human body? ANSWER 206.
Q: What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? ANSWER Axial and
Appendicular.
Q: The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage belong to which division?
ANSWER Axial Skeleton.
Q: What is the long shaft of a bone called? ANSWER The Diaphysis.
Q: What is the end of a long bone called? ANSWER The Epiphysis.
Q: What is the membrane covering the surface of a bone called? ANSWER The
Periosteum.
Q: What is the function of osteoclasts? ANSWER Bone resorption (breaking
down bone matrix).
Q: What is the function of osteoblasts? ANSWER Bone formation (building
bone matrix).
Q: What type of bone marrow produces blood cells? ANSWER Red Bone
Marrow.
Q: What is the primary component of the bone matrix? ANSWER Calcium
phosphate crystals (Hydroxyapatite).
Q: What are the four types of bone shapes? ANSWER Long, Short, Flat, and
Irregular.
Q: What is a "foramen" in a bone? ANSWER A hole or opening for nerves and
blood vessels.
Q: What is a "process" on a bone? ANSWER A projection or bump where
muscles/tendons attach.
Q: What is the suture between the parietal bones? ANSWER The Sagittal
Suture.
VERIFIED EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LATEST
VERSION 2026/2027 NEWEST VERSION
Q: What is Anatomy? ANSWER The study of the structure and shape of the
body and its parts.
Q: What is Physiology? ANSWER The study of how the body and its parts
function.
Q: What is the standard anatomical position? ANSWER Standing erect, facing
forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet flat.
Q: The "frontal plane" is also known as what? ANSWER The Coronal Plane.
Q: What plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? ANSWER The
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane.
Q: What is the dorsal body cavity? ANSWER The cavity containing the cranial
and spinal cavities.
Q: What is homeostasis? ANSWER The body's ability to maintain a relatively
stable internal environment despite external changes.
Q: What is the negative feedback mechanism? ANSWER A response that
reverses the original stimulus (e.g., body temperature regulation).
Q: What is a tissue? ANSWER A group of similar cells that perform a common
function.
Q: What is the study of tissues called? ANSWER Histology.
Q: Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities? ANSWER
Epithelial Tissue.
Q: What is the function of Connective Tissue? ANSWER To support, bind, and
protect body structures.
Q: What is the matrix of connective tissue made of? ANSWER Ground
substance and fibers.
Q: Which tissue type is responsible for movement? ANSWER Muscle Tissue.
,Q: What are the three types of muscle tissue? ANSWER Skeletal, Cardiac, and
Smooth.
Q: Which tissue type transmits electrical signals? ANSWER Nervous Tissue.
Q: What is the extracellular matrix? ANSWER The non-living material
surrounding cells in connective tissue.
Q: What are the four main types of membranes? ANSWER Mucous, Serous,
Cutaneous, and Synovial.
Q: What is apoptosis? ANSWER Programmed cell death.
Integumentary System (21–35)
Q: What are the two main layers of the skin? ANSWER Epidermis and Dermis.
Q: Which layer of the epidermis is constantly shedding dead cells? ANSWER
Stratum Corneum.
Q: Where is melanin produced? ANSWER In the melanocytes located in the
Stratum Basale.
Q: What protein makes the skin waterproof and tough? ANSWER Keratin.
Q: What is the function of sebum? ANSWER It lubricates the skin and hair, and
acts as an antibacterial agent.
Q: What are the two types of sweat glands? ANSWER Eccrine and Apocrine.
Q: Which sweat glands are found all over the body and produce watery sweat
for cooling? ANSWER Eccrine glands.
Q: Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and nerves? ANSWER The
Dermis.
Q: What gives skin its color? ANSWER Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin.
Q: What is the "hypodermis" composed of? ANSWER Adipose (fat) and
connective tissue.
Q: What is a hair follicle? ANSWER A structure from which hair grows.
Q: What is the function of the arrector pili muscle? ANSWER It causes
"goosebumps" by contracting.
Q: What part of the nail is visible? ANSWER The Nail Body.
, Q: What is the function of the skin in Vitamin D production? ANSWER It
synthesizes Vitamin D precursor when exposed to UV light.
Q: What causes a blister? ANSWER Fluid accumulation between the epidermis
and dermis due to friction.
Skeletal System (36–75)
Q: How many bones are in the adult human body? ANSWER 206.
Q: What are the two divisions of the skeletal system? ANSWER Axial and
Appendicular.
Q: The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage belong to which division?
ANSWER Axial Skeleton.
Q: What is the long shaft of a bone called? ANSWER The Diaphysis.
Q: What is the end of a long bone called? ANSWER The Epiphysis.
Q: What is the membrane covering the surface of a bone called? ANSWER The
Periosteum.
Q: What is the function of osteoclasts? ANSWER Bone resorption (breaking
down bone matrix).
Q: What is the function of osteoblasts? ANSWER Bone formation (building
bone matrix).
Q: What type of bone marrow produces blood cells? ANSWER Red Bone
Marrow.
Q: What is the primary component of the bone matrix? ANSWER Calcium
phosphate crystals (Hydroxyapatite).
Q: What are the four types of bone shapes? ANSWER Long, Short, Flat, and
Irregular.
Q: What is a "foramen" in a bone? ANSWER A hole or opening for nerves and
blood vessels.
Q: What is a "process" on a bone? ANSWER A projection or bump where
muscles/tendons attach.
Q: What is the suture between the parietal bones? ANSWER The Sagittal
Suture.
