MATERNITY AND PEDIATRIC NURSING EXAM 3
KEY CONCEPTS AND REVIEW NOTES 2026
◉ What were the maternal mortality rates in the early 1900s
compared to 2018? Answer: 1900s: ~600-900 deaths per 100,000
live births; 2018: 17.4 deaths per 100,000 live births.
◉ What is the target goal for maternal mortality set by Healthy
People 2030? Answer: To lower maternal deaths to 15.7 per 100,000
live births.
◉ What is the infant mortality rate? Answer: The number of infant
deaths per 1,000 live births within a calendar year.
◉ What were the infant mortality rates in the early 1900s compared
to 2018? Answer: 1900s: ~100 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2018:
5.79 deaths per 1,000 live births.
◉ What is the primary focus of the Healthy People 2030 initiative?
Answer: Preventing illness, promoting health, increasing quality of
life, and eliminating health disparities.
,◉ What role do nurses play in the context of Healthy People 2030
objectives? Answer: Nurses use these objectives in planning care for
pregnant women and children.
◉ What is the shift in healthcare focus from hospitals to community-
based care? Answer: Community-based healthcare has emerged as a
solution to expensive and sophisticated hospital care.
◉ What is primary prevention in community-based nursing?
Answer: Health-promoting activities to prevent the development of
illness or injury.
◉ What is secondary prevention in community-based nursing?
Answer: Health screening activities that aid in early diagnosis and
encourage prompt treatment.
◉ What is tertiary prevention in community-based nursing?
Answer: Health-promoting activities focusing on rehabilitation and
preventing further injury or illness.
◉ What are the stages of fetal development? Answer: Pre-embryonic
stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage.
, ◉ What occurs during the pre-embryonic stage of fetal
development? Answer: Begins at fertilization, lasts 2 weeks, results
in a zygote, and involves cellular division and implantation.
◉ What happens during the embryonic stage of fetal development?
Answer: Lasts from the end of the 2nd week to the end of the 8th
week, where differentiation occurs and three germ layers develop.
◉ What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy? Answer:
Transfers substances between fetal and maternal circulatory
systems, acts as a barrier, and functions as an endocrine gland.
◉ What are teratogens? Answer: Substances that cause birth defects,
with the greatest risk during the embryonic stage of development.
◉ What are the types of teratogenic agents? Answer: Ingested
teratogens (medications, drugs), infectious teratogens (viruses), and
environmental teratogens (radiation, chemicals).
◉ What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Answer: Monozygotic twins are identical and share the same genetic
material; dizygotic twins are fraternal and develop from separate
fertilizations.
KEY CONCEPTS AND REVIEW NOTES 2026
◉ What were the maternal mortality rates in the early 1900s
compared to 2018? Answer: 1900s: ~600-900 deaths per 100,000
live births; 2018: 17.4 deaths per 100,000 live births.
◉ What is the target goal for maternal mortality set by Healthy
People 2030? Answer: To lower maternal deaths to 15.7 per 100,000
live births.
◉ What is the infant mortality rate? Answer: The number of infant
deaths per 1,000 live births within a calendar year.
◉ What were the infant mortality rates in the early 1900s compared
to 2018? Answer: 1900s: ~100 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2018:
5.79 deaths per 1,000 live births.
◉ What is the primary focus of the Healthy People 2030 initiative?
Answer: Preventing illness, promoting health, increasing quality of
life, and eliminating health disparities.
,◉ What role do nurses play in the context of Healthy People 2030
objectives? Answer: Nurses use these objectives in planning care for
pregnant women and children.
◉ What is the shift in healthcare focus from hospitals to community-
based care? Answer: Community-based healthcare has emerged as a
solution to expensive and sophisticated hospital care.
◉ What is primary prevention in community-based nursing?
Answer: Health-promoting activities to prevent the development of
illness or injury.
◉ What is secondary prevention in community-based nursing?
Answer: Health screening activities that aid in early diagnosis and
encourage prompt treatment.
◉ What is tertiary prevention in community-based nursing?
Answer: Health-promoting activities focusing on rehabilitation and
preventing further injury or illness.
◉ What are the stages of fetal development? Answer: Pre-embryonic
stage, embryonic stage, and fetal stage.
, ◉ What occurs during the pre-embryonic stage of fetal
development? Answer: Begins at fertilization, lasts 2 weeks, results
in a zygote, and involves cellular division and implantation.
◉ What happens during the embryonic stage of fetal development?
Answer: Lasts from the end of the 2nd week to the end of the 8th
week, where differentiation occurs and three germ layers develop.
◉ What is the role of the placenta during pregnancy? Answer:
Transfers substances between fetal and maternal circulatory
systems, acts as a barrier, and functions as an endocrine gland.
◉ What are teratogens? Answer: Substances that cause birth defects,
with the greatest risk during the embryonic stage of development.
◉ What are the types of teratogenic agents? Answer: Ingested
teratogens (medications, drugs), infectious teratogens (viruses), and
environmental teratogens (radiation, chemicals).
◉ What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?
Answer: Monozygotic twins are identical and share the same genetic
material; dizygotic twins are fraternal and develop from separate
fertilizations.
