Weather and Climate – Simple Notes
Prepared by Jimino Company
1. Weather and Climate
• Weather: Atmospheric conditions like temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, and rainfall for a short period.
• Climate: Average weather condition of a place over a long period (about 35–40 years).
Elements of Weather
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Wind
• Humidity
• Rainfall
Atmospheric Temperature
Insolation
• The amount of solar energy received by the Earth is called Insolation.
Heat Transfer Processes
1. Conduction – Heat transfer to lower atmosphere from Earth’s surface.
2. Convection – Heated air rises upward.
3. Advection – Horizontal movement of heat through wind.
4. Radiation – Earth radiates heat as long waves.
Greenhouse Effect
• Atmospheric gases absorb terrestrial radiation and heat the atmosphere.
Heat Budget
• Balance between incoming solar energy and outgoing terrestrial radiation.
Temperature Measurement
• Thermometer: Instrument used to measure temperature.
• Maximum-Minimum Thermometer: Measures maximum and minimum temperature of a day.
Formulae
• Diurnal Range = Maximum Temperature − Minimum Temperature
• Daily Mean Temperature = (Maximum Temperature + Minimum Temperature) ÷ 2
Factors Affecting Temperature
1. Latitude
2. Altitude
3. Distance from sea
4. Ocean currents
5. Relief features
Normal Lapse Rate
• Temperature decreases by 6.4°C per 1 km increase in altitude.
Atmospheric Pressure
Prepared by Jimino Company
1. Weather and Climate
• Weather: Atmospheric conditions like temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, and rainfall for a short period.
• Climate: Average weather condition of a place over a long period (about 35–40 years).
Elements of Weather
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Wind
• Humidity
• Rainfall
Atmospheric Temperature
Insolation
• The amount of solar energy received by the Earth is called Insolation.
Heat Transfer Processes
1. Conduction – Heat transfer to lower atmosphere from Earth’s surface.
2. Convection – Heated air rises upward.
3. Advection – Horizontal movement of heat through wind.
4. Radiation – Earth radiates heat as long waves.
Greenhouse Effect
• Atmospheric gases absorb terrestrial radiation and heat the atmosphere.
Heat Budget
• Balance between incoming solar energy and outgoing terrestrial radiation.
Temperature Measurement
• Thermometer: Instrument used to measure temperature.
• Maximum-Minimum Thermometer: Measures maximum and minimum temperature of a day.
Formulae
• Diurnal Range = Maximum Temperature − Minimum Temperature
• Daily Mean Temperature = (Maximum Temperature + Minimum Temperature) ÷ 2
Factors Affecting Temperature
1. Latitude
2. Altitude
3. Distance from sea
4. Ocean currents
5. Relief features
Normal Lapse Rate
• Temperature decreases by 6.4°C per 1 km increase in altitude.
Atmospheric Pressure
