BIOD 152 — Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology II | Cumulative
Final Exam 2026/2027 UPDATE
1. Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus but
stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?
A. Growth Hormone
B. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
C. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
D. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Answer: D
Rationale: ADH and Oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the
posterior pituitary for storage and eventual release.
2. What is the primary function of the hormone calcitonin?
A. To increase blood calcium levels
B. To decrease blood calcium levels
C. To decrease blood glucose levels
D. To stimulate metabolic rate
Answer: B
Rationale: Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and acts to lower blood calcium
levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts.
,3. In the cardiac conduction system, which structure is known as the
‘pacemaker’ of the heart?
A. AV Node
B. SA Node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of His
Answer: B
Rationale: The Sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical impulse that sets the rhythm for
the heart rate.
4. Which layer of the heart wall is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue?
A. Epicardium
B. Pericardium
C. Endocardium
D. Myocardium
Answer: D
Rationale: The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart responsible for the
pumping action.
5. What is the correct sequence of blood flow starting from the Right Atrium?
A. Right Atrium -> Mitral Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Aortic Valve
B. Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve
C. Right Atrium -> Pulmonary Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Tricuspid Valve
D. Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Mitral Valve -> Lungs
Answer: B
Rationale: Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle, then through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs.
, 6. Which white blood cell type is the most numerous and serves as the first
responder to bacterial infection?
A. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes
C. Lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils make up 50-70% of WBCs and are the primary phagocytes during
acute bacterial infections.
7. A person with Type O blood has which of the following on their red blood
cells?
A. A antigens
B. Neither A nor B antigens
C. Both A and B antigens
D. B antigens
Answer: B
Rationale: Type O blood is characterized by the absence of both A and B antigens on the
erythrocyte surface.
8. Which antibody class is the most abundant in the blood and can cross the
placenta?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
Answer: C
Rationale: IgG provides long-term immunity and is the only antibody capable of crossing
the placental barrier to protect the fetus.
Final Exam 2026/2027 UPDATE
1. Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus but
stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland?
A. Growth Hormone
B. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
C. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
D. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Answer: D
Rationale: ADH and Oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the
posterior pituitary for storage and eventual release.
2. What is the primary function of the hormone calcitonin?
A. To increase blood calcium levels
B. To decrease blood calcium levels
C. To decrease blood glucose levels
D. To stimulate metabolic rate
Answer: B
Rationale: Calcitonin is produced by the thyroid gland and acts to lower blood calcium
levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts.
,3. In the cardiac conduction system, which structure is known as the
‘pacemaker’ of the heart?
A. AV Node
B. SA Node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of His
Answer: B
Rationale: The Sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the electrical impulse that sets the rhythm for
the heart rate.
4. Which layer of the heart wall is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue?
A. Epicardium
B. Pericardium
C. Endocardium
D. Myocardium
Answer: D
Rationale: The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart responsible for the
pumping action.
5. What is the correct sequence of blood flow starting from the Right Atrium?
A. Right Atrium -> Mitral Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Aortic Valve
B. Right Atrium -> Tricuspid Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve
C. Right Atrium -> Pulmonary Valve -> Right Ventricle -> Tricuspid Valve
D. Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Mitral Valve -> Lungs
Answer: B
Rationale: Blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right
ventricle, then through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs.
, 6. Which white blood cell type is the most numerous and serves as the first
responder to bacterial infection?
A. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes
C. Lymphocytes
D. Eosinophils
Answer: A
Rationale: Neutrophils make up 50-70% of WBCs and are the primary phagocytes during
acute bacterial infections.
7. A person with Type O blood has which of the following on their red blood
cells?
A. A antigens
B. Neither A nor B antigens
C. Both A and B antigens
D. B antigens
Answer: B
Rationale: Type O blood is characterized by the absence of both A and B antigens on the
erythrocyte surface.
8. Which antibody class is the most abundant in the blood and can cross the
placenta?
A. IgA
B. IgM
C. IgG
D. IgE
Answer: C
Rationale: IgG provides long-term immunity and is the only antibody capable of crossing
the placental barrier to protect the fetus.
