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COMPLEX EXAM 3
The classic manifestations associated with Parkinson's disease are tremor,
rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability. What is a consequence related to
rigidity?
a. Shuffling gait
b. Impaired handwriting
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c. Lack of postural stability
d. Muscle soreness and pain
Muscle soreness and pain
The degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of midbrain
and basal ganglia lead to these signs. Muscle soreness, pain, and slowness of
movement are consequences of patient function related to rigidity. Shuffling gait,
absent arm swing while walking, absent blinking, masked facial expression, saliva
drooling, and difficulty initiating movement are all related to akinesia. Impaired
handwriting and hand activities are related to the tremor of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Being unable to stop the self from going forward or backward results from postural
instability.
A patient with a tremor is being evaluated for Parkinson's disease. What would
the nurse explain to the
patient can confirm the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?
a. CT and MRI scans.
b. Relief of symptoms with administration of dopaminergic agents.
c. The presence of tremors that increase during voluntary movement.
d. Cerebral angiogram that reveals the presence of cerebral atherosclerosis.
Relief of symptoms with administration of dopaminergic agents.
Although clinical manifestations are characteristic in PD, no laboratory or diagnostic
tests are specific for the condition. A diagnosis is made when the presence of
tremor, rigidity, akinesia, and postural instability occur with asymmetric onset. It is
confirmed with a positive response to antiparkinsonian drugs. Research about the
role of genetic testing and MRI to diagnose PD is ongoing. Essential tremors
increase during voluntary movement, while the tremors of PD are more prominent at
rest.
Which assessment finding is most indicative of Parkinson's disease?
a. Large, embellished handwriting
b. Weakness of one leg resulting in a limping walk
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c. Difficulty rising from a chair and beginning to walk
d. Onset of muscle spasms occurring with voluntary movement
Difficulty rising from a chair and beginning to walk
The akinesia of PD prevents automatic movements. Activities, such as beginning to
walk, rising from a chair, or even swallowing saliva, cannot be executed unless they
are consciously willed. Handwriting is affected by the tremor and results in the writing
trailing off at the end of words. Specific limb weakness and muscle spasms are not
characteristic of PD.
A patient with Parkinson's disease is started on levodopa. What should the
nurse teach the patient about this drug?
a. It stimulates dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia.
b. It promotes the release of dopamine from brain neurons.
c. It is a precursor of dopamine that is converted to dopamine in the brain.
d. It prevents the excessive breakdown of dopamine in the peripheral tissues.
It is a precursor of dopamine that is converted to dopamine in the brain.
Peripheral dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier. However, its precursor
levodopa is able to enter the brain, where it is converted to dopamine, increasing the
supply that is deficient in PD. Bromocriptine is used to treat PD to stimulate
dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia.
Amantadine stimulates dopamine release and blocks the reuptake of dopamine into
presynaptic neurons. Carbidopa and entacapone are usually given with levodopa to
prevent the levodopa from being metabolized in peripheral tissues before it can
reach the brain.
A patient with myasthenia gravis is admitted to the hospital with respiratory
insufficiency and severe weakness. What should the nurse recognize will
confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis?
a. History and physical examination reveal weakness.
b. Serum acetylcholine receptor antibodies are present.
c. The patient's respiratory function is impaired because of muscle weakness.
d. EMG reveals an increased response with repeated stimulation of muscles.
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Serum acetylcholine receptor antibodies are present.
Serum acetylcholine receptor antibodies will confirm a diagnosis of myasthenia
gravis (MG). The history and physical revealing weakness is part of the diagnosis,
but not the confirmation. Impaired respiratory function is a sign of MG, but not a
confirmation of the diagnosis. The EMG will show muscle fatigue with a decreased
response.
Priority Decision: During care of a patient in myasthenic crisis, what should be
the nurse's first priority for the patient?
a. Maintaining mobility
b. Adequate nutrition
c. Maintaining respiratory function
d. Maintaining verbal communication
Maintaining respiratory function
The patient in myasthenic crisis has severe weakness and fatigue of all skeletal
muscles, affecting the patient's ability to breathe, swallow, talk, and move. However,
the priority of nursing care is monitoring and maintaining adequate respiratory
function.
The nurse is assessing the perineal wound in a client who has returned from
the operating room following an abdominal perineal resection and notes
serosanguineous drainage from the wound. Which nursing intervention is
most appropriate?
1. Clamp the surgical drain.
2. Change the dressing as prescribed.
3. Notify the surgeon.
4. Remove and replace the perineal packing.
Change the dressing as prescribed.
Rationale: Immediately after surgery, profuse serosanguineous drainage from the
perineal wound is expected. Therefore, the nurse should change the dressing as
prescribed. A surgical drain should not be clamped, because this action will cause
the accumulation of drainage within the tissue. The nurse does not need to notify the