NR565 / NR 565 Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
Final Exam: Week 5, 6, 7 & 8
100% Guarantee Pass
1. Glucose Production & Release
Answer
All cells in the body need energy to function
• primarily comes from glucose; a type of sugar found in carbohydrates.
-between meals, glucose stores in the liver are released into the bloodstream
• ensures a constant source of energy for the body
-After a meal, carbohydrates are digested & release glucose into the bloodstream
2. Insulin Release in Type I Diabetes
Answer
As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to
release insulin
-Insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be
stored in the liver for future use
-type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are damaged or destroyed
• damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin
,3. Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type I Diabetes
Answer
Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the
body
-Due to diminished insulin production, patients with type 1 diabetes have a low
insulin concentration & high glucose (sugar) concentration in their blood
4. Glucose Absorption in Type I Diabetes
Answer
Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy
-Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell
surface
• initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell
-type 1 diabetes, low levels of insulin prevent adequate amounts of glucose from
entering the cell
• Because glucose remains in the bloodstream & is not used by the cell as energy,
patients with type 1 diabetes may experience fatigue, exhaustion, & dizziness
5. Insulin Release in Type II Diabetes
Answer
As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to
release insulin
-insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be
stored in the liver for future use
,-In type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells become damaged or destroyed over time
• damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin.
6. Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type II Diabetes
Answer
Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the
body
-Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy
-In type 2 diabetes, insulin is not used properly & glucose remains in the bloodstream
• leads to high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia).
7. Glucose Absorption in Type II Diabetes
Answer
Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell
surface
• initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell
-type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to the effects of insulin & does not properly
bind to insulin receptors
-Due to insulin resistance & resulting hyperglycemia, patients with type 2 diabetes
may experience increased thirst or hunger, fatigue, blurry vision, and slow-healing
wounds
8. Hypothyroidism
Answer
an underproduction of the hormone thyroxine (T4)
, -When the thyroid produces too little thyroxine
• body's metabolism slows down
• wide array of effects on the body
-Hypothyroidism can cause:
• fatigue
• depressed mood
• slow heart rate
• constipation
• weight gain
• irregular menstrual periods
-more common in women >60 & people who have a family hx of the condition
9. Hyperthyroidism
Answer
an overproduction of thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3),
& thyroxine (T4)
-When the thyroid produces too much T3 & T4
• metabolism increases
• can cause a wide variety of symptoms:
£hand tremors
£rapid heart rate
£anxiety or irritability
£frequent bowel movements
£increased appetite
£weight loss
Final Exam: Week 5, 6, 7 & 8
100% Guarantee Pass
1. Glucose Production & Release
Answer
All cells in the body need energy to function
• primarily comes from glucose; a type of sugar found in carbohydrates.
-between meals, glucose stores in the liver are released into the bloodstream
• ensures a constant source of energy for the body
-After a meal, carbohydrates are digested & release glucose into the bloodstream
2. Insulin Release in Type I Diabetes
Answer
As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to
release insulin
-Insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be
stored in the liver for future use
-type 1 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells are damaged or destroyed
• damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin
,3. Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type I Diabetes
Answer
Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the
body
-Due to diminished insulin production, patients with type 1 diabetes have a low
insulin concentration & high glucose (sugar) concentration in their blood
4. Glucose Absorption in Type I Diabetes
Answer
Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy
-Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell
surface
• initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell
-type 1 diabetes, low levels of insulin prevent adequate amounts of glucose from
entering the cell
• Because glucose remains in the bloodstream & is not used by the cell as energy,
patients with type 1 diabetes may experience fatigue, exhaustion, & dizziness
5. Insulin Release in Type II Diabetes
Answer
As glucose levels in the blood rise, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to
release insulin
-insulin halts the livers glucose release & initiates small amounts of glucose to be
stored in the liver for future use
,-In type 2 diabetes, pancreatic beta cells become damaged or destroyed over time
• damaged beta cells produce little to no insulin.
6. Systemic Insulin and Glucose in Type II Diabetes
Answer
Insulin & glucose travel through the bloodstream to reach cells throughout the
body
-Insulin is required for glucose to enter cells & be used as energy
-In type 2 diabetes, insulin is not used properly & glucose remains in the bloodstream
• leads to high levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia).
7. Glucose Absorption in Type II Diabetes
Answer
Once arriving at the intended cell, insulin binds to specialized receptors on the cell
surface
• initiates glucose transporters to open & glucose to flow into the cell
-type 2 diabetes, the body is resistant to the effects of insulin & does not properly
bind to insulin receptors
-Due to insulin resistance & resulting hyperglycemia, patients with type 2 diabetes
may experience increased thirst or hunger, fatigue, blurry vision, and slow-healing
wounds
8. Hypothyroidism
Answer
an underproduction of the hormone thyroxine (T4)
, -When the thyroid produces too little thyroxine
• body's metabolism slows down
• wide array of effects on the body
-Hypothyroidism can cause:
• fatigue
• depressed mood
• slow heart rate
• constipation
• weight gain
• irregular menstrual periods
-more common in women >60 & people who have a family hx of the condition
9. Hyperthyroidism
Answer
an overproduction of thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3),
& thyroxine (T4)
-When the thyroid produces too much T3 & T4
• metabolism increases
• can cause a wide variety of symptoms:
£hand tremors
£rapid heart rate
£anxiety or irritability
£frequent bowel movements
£increased appetite
£weight loss
