NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm exam questions with correct
answers latest update
1. Asthma: Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflam-
matory response in the bronchioles
2. What are 5 s/s of asthma: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
3. Pathophysiology of asthma (5): -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity
and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
4. Bronchioles: smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli
5. 3 layers of the bronchioles: innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
6. lamina propria: the middle layer of the bronchioles
7. structure of the lamina propria: embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
8. purpose of the lamina propria: white blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
9. How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma: the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
10. What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain: columnar epithe-
lial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
11. What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain: smooth muscle
cells
12. what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do: control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
13. alveolar hyperinflation: When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping
air inside
14. how does hyperinflation occur?: the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
1/8
, NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm exam questions with correct
answers latest update
15. Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar: -expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
16. What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma: tiotropium and iprat-
ropium
17. What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?: These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
18. MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma: the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
19. bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
20. 3 characteristics of bronchitis: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
21. Perfusion: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
22. results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
23. Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis: there is hypoxia due to unfa-
vorable conditions for gas exchange
24. Right to left shunting: when blood passes from the right ventricle through the
lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
25. Causes of bronchitis: -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
26. Pathogenesis of bronchitis: -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
27. most common irritant with bronchitis is?: tobacco product smoke
28. what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5): -
smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
2/8
answers latest update
1. Asthma: Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive inflam-
matory response in the bronchioles
2. What are 5 s/s of asthma: coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
3. Pathophysiology of asthma (5): -airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity
and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
4. Bronchioles: smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli
5. 3 layers of the bronchioles: innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
6. lamina propria: the middle layer of the bronchioles
7. structure of the lamina propria: embedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
8. purpose of the lamina propria: white blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
9. How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma: the
WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
10. What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain: columnar epithe-
lial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
11. What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain: smooth muscle
cells
12. what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do: control the airways
ability to constrict and dilate
13. alveolar hyperinflation: When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping
air inside
14. how does hyperinflation occur?: the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
1/8
, NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm exam questions with correct
answers latest update
15. Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar: -expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
16. What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma: tiotropium and iprat-
ropium
17. What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?: These drugs block the effects of
the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
18. MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma: the parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
19. bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchial tubes
20. 3 characteristics of bronchitis: bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
21. Perfusion: The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
22. results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion: cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
23. Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis: there is hypoxia due to unfa-
vorable conditions for gas exchange
24. Right to left shunting: when blood passes from the right ventricle through the
lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
25. Causes of bronchitis: -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
26. Pathogenesis of bronchitis: -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
27. most common irritant with bronchitis is?: tobacco product smoke
28. what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5): -
smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
2/8
