What is Pathophysiology - ANSWER is the study of what happens when the normal anat-
omy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - ANSWER Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - ANSWER study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idio-
pathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - ANSWER development or evolution of disease from initial stimu-
lus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? - ANSWER Which combine the etology, pathogenesis,
and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? - ANSWER Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? - ANSWER Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data - ANSWER What you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data? - ANSWER rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
1
,What is subjective data? - ANSWER What the patient may report to you
What are examples of subjective data? - ANSWER pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER study of the patterns of disease involving populations.
Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing ex-
posure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWER Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER "Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWER PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C
check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER "Treating" and preventing further complications
from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in
balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
2
, What is allostasis? - ANSWER ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a bal-
ance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones
body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Where the sympathetic
nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy
is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vi-
tal organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeosta-
sis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeo-
stasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged
that can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syn-
drome? - ANSWER disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression,
headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - AN-
SWER Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catechola-
mines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANSWER activates
the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
3
omy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - ANSWER Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - ANSWER study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idio-
pathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - ANSWER development or evolution of disease from initial stimu-
lus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? - ANSWER Which combine the etology, pathogenesis,
and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? - ANSWER Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? - ANSWER Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data - ANSWER What you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data? - ANSWER rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
1
,What is subjective data? - ANSWER What the patient may report to you
What are examples of subjective data? - ANSWER pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER study of the patterns of disease involving populations.
Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing ex-
posure of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWER Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER "Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWER PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C
check, mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER "Treating" and preventing further complications
from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in
balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
2
, What is allostasis? - ANSWER ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a bal-
ance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones
body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Where the sympathetic
nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy
is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vi-
tal organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeosta-
sis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeo-
stasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged
that can lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syn-
drome? - ANSWER disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression,
headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - AN-
SWER Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catechola-
mines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANSWER activates
the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
3
