Elitestudyvault Stuvia
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATES
2024
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - ANSWER- T cells produce
cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - ANSWER-
Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - ANSWER-
Alterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. -
ANSWER- (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II >
vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water >
Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA - ANSWER- increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - ANSWER- retain H and excrete
HCO3
,Elitestudyvault Stuvia
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - ANSWER-
Potassium
West Nile Virus - ANSWER- Transmitted through the bite of an infected
mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease - ANSWER- Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum - ANSWER- a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child
followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with . - ANSWER-
Spina bifida
Trousseau's sign - ANSWER- arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida - ANSWER- results from failure of neural tube to
close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
hemophilia is more common in - ANSWER- males
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - ANSWER- ND-PAE, decreased brain
function, FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - ANSWER- Connective- RA,
Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
Describe Lupus - ANSWER- Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain
and butterfly rash
Describe Myasthenia Gravis - ANSWER- It is an autoimmune disorder where
antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles
over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty
swallowing.
dermatitis - ANSWER- inflammation of the skin
,Elitestudyvault Stuvia
eczema - ANSWER- noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by
redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer - ANSWER- sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections - ANSWER- superficial, localized skin conditions or deep
tissue infections caused by exposure to spores
may or may not be transmitted
benign neoplasm - ANSWER- noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm - ANSWER- uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular
borders, spreads
Osteoporosis - ANSWER- The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the
bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia - ANSWER- disease marked by softening of the bone caused by
calcium and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin - ANSWER- red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa - ANSWER- fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a
joint over another
Rickets - ANSWER- a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease - ANSWER- A condition in which an intervertebral
disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or
repeated injuries or aging
Paget disease - ANSWER- Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in
thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly
affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture - ANSWER- splintered into many pieces
Three types of skin cancer - ANSWER- 1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
, Elitestudyvault Stuvia
3. Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER- Most common and least severe type of skin
cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most
common on face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER- Type of skin cancer more serious than
basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm
nodules.
Melanoma - ANSWER- The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at
highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - ANSWER- impaired
immunity
types of burns - ANSWER- Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain
Viltigo - ANSWER- localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-
white patches
ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - ANSWER- ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic
- blood
subdural hematoma - ANSWER- collection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - ANSWER- Alz - affects language
and memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington's disease - ANSWER- Genetic disorder that causes progressive
deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear
until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis - ANSWER- abnormal condition of hardening
WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM LATEST UPDATES
2024
Describe how your body responds to an infection. - ANSWER- T cells produce
cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - ANSWER-
Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - ANSWER-
Alterations of DNA
Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. -
ANSWER- (ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
Explain RAAS - ANSWER- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
> produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II >
vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water >
Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
DKA - ANSWER- increased anion gap, decreased HCO3
How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - ANSWER- retain H and excrete
HCO3
,Elitestudyvault Stuvia
Untreated acidosis leads to an increase in which electrolyte? - ANSWER-
Potassium
West Nile Virus - ANSWER- Transmitted through the bite of an infected
mosquito. Severe signs and symptoms; high fever, headache and stiff neck
Lyme disease - ANSWER- Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi.
Erythema infectiosum - ANSWER- a febrile upper respiratory illness in a child
followed by the sudden appearance of red, flushed cheeks, "fifth disease"
Obesity ad diabetes are risk factors for having a child with . - ANSWER-
Spina bifida
Trousseau's sign - ANSWER- arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
Cause and sign of spina bifida - ANSWER- results from failure of neural tube to
close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
hemophilia is more common in - ANSWER- males
Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - ANSWER- ND-PAE, decreased brain
function, FAS
Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - ANSWER- Connective- RA,
Scleroderma, Lupus
Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
Describe Lupus - ANSWER- Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain
and butterfly rash
Describe Myasthenia Gravis - ANSWER- It is an autoimmune disorder where
antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles
over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty
swallowing.
dermatitis - ANSWER- inflammation of the skin
,Elitestudyvault Stuvia
eczema - ANSWER- noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by
redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
decubitus ulcer - ANSWER- sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Fungal infections - ANSWER- superficial, localized skin conditions or deep
tissue infections caused by exposure to spores
may or may not be transmitted
benign neoplasm - ANSWER- noncancerous growths, stationary, distinct borders
malignant neoplasm - ANSWER- uncontrolled new tissue growth, irregular
borders, spreads
Osteoporosis - ANSWER- The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the
bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
osteomalacia - ANSWER- disease marked by softening of the bone caused by
calcium and vitamin D deficiency
myoglobin - ANSWER- red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Bursa - ANSWER- fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a
joint over another
Rickets - ANSWER- a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
Degenerative disk disease - ANSWER- A condition in which an intervertebral
disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or
repeated injuries or aging
Paget disease - ANSWER- Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in
thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly
affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
communiuted fracture - ANSWER- splintered into many pieces
Three types of skin cancer - ANSWER- 1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
, Elitestudyvault Stuvia
3. Melanoma
basal cell carcinoma - ANSWER- Most common and least severe type of skin
cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most
common on face due to sun exposure
squamous cell carcinoma - ANSWER- Type of skin cancer more serious than
basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red crusted papules or firm
nodules.
Melanoma - ANSWER- The most serious form of skin cancer, caucasian males at
highest risk, usually black or brown lesion
consequences when integumentary system is disrupted - ANSWER- impaired
immunity
types of burns - ANSWER- Superficial (1st degree) - red/painful
Partial-thickness (2nd degree) -wet/pink/painful
Full-thickness (3rd degree) -white/swollen/no pain
Viltigo - ANSWER- localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-
white patches
ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - ANSWER- ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic
- blood
subdural hematoma - ANSWER- collection of blood under the dura mater
Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - ANSWER- Alz - affects language
and memory
Park - affects all executive functioning
Huntington's disease - ANSWER- Genetic disorder that causes progressive
deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear
until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
Sclerosis - ANSWER- abnormal condition of hardening
