NURS 5461 Part 2 Comprehensive Final Exam
Review 2026 | High-Yield Study Guide
1. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is
An inherited form of Parkinson's disease
Caused by bacteria
Associated with the consumption of bovine contaminated products
Sporadic with no cause
2. If a patient presents with symptoms of MAHA, what would be an appropriate
initial diagnostic step to assess potential cardiovascular implications?
Complete blood count and peripheral blood smear
Chest X-ray to evaluate lung conditions
Electrocardiogram to assess heart rhythm
Lipid profile to check cholesterol levels
3. A patient with poorly controlled asthma is currently on step 4 of their
treatment plan. If their symptoms do not improve, what would be the next
appropriate step in their management?
Increase to step 5 treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids
and a long-acting beta-agonist.
Switch to a leukotriene modifier.
Discontinue all medications and reassess.
Add a short-acting beta-agonist as needed.
,4. If a patient with a recent hip replacement presents with fever and localized
pain, what condition should be suspected?
Prosthetic joint osteomyelitis
Asthma
Acute coronary syndrome
Pneumonia
5. Describe the significance of a murmur heard at the apex during a physical
examination.
A murmur at the apex suggests aortic stenosis, which is a common
cause of chest pain.
A murmur at the apex is a normal finding and does not require further
investigation.
A murmur at the apex typically indicates mitral valve regurgitation,
which can lead to heart failure if untreated.
A murmur at the apex is indicative of pulmonary hypertension and
requires immediate intervention.
6. The most common presentation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is:
Fever with no apparent cause
Pruritus
Painless lymphadenopathy
Infection
Splenomegaly
,7. What diagnostic tool is considered the gold standard for identifying valvular
disorders?
Chest X-ray
Electrocardiogram
CT scan
Echocardiography
8. Describe the characteristics of the murmur associated with mitral valve
prolapse and its clinical significance.
The murmur is a continuous sound heard throughout the cardiac cycle,
indicating severe heart failure.
The murmur is a holosystolic sound, indicating tricuspid regurgitation.
The murmur is an early diastolic sound, suggesting aortic
regurgitation.
The murmur associated with mitral valve prolapse is characterized
by a mid-systolic click followed by a late systolic murmur, indicating
the regurgitation of blood due to improper closure of the mitral
valve.
9. Describe how the symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever can progress
over time.
Symptoms can start with fever and headache, followed by a rash
and potential complications.
Symptoms are limited to gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and
vomiting.
Symptoms are primarily respiratory and include cough and wheezing.
, Symptoms begin with a rash that resolves quickly without other
symptoms.
10. In a patient with a recent infection, high levels of IgM are detected. What
does this indicate about the stage of their immune response?
The patient is likely in the acute phase of the immune response.
The patient has developed long-term immunity.
The patient is experiencing a chronic infection.
The patient has a weakened immune response.
11. Specific Immunity is due primarily to the actions of:
B and T cells
complement proteins
macrophages
interferons
12. Describe how beta-blockers can lead to bradyarrhythmias in patients.
Beta-blockers decrease heart rate by blocking the effects of
adrenaline on the heart.
Beta-blockers have no effect on heart rhythm.
Beta-blockers only affect blood pressure without impacting heart
rate.
Beta-blockers increase heart rate by stimulating the heart's
pacemaker.
13. If a patient presents with fever, headache, and a petechial rash, what would
be the most appropriate next step in management?
Review 2026 | High-Yield Study Guide
1. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is
An inherited form of Parkinson's disease
Caused by bacteria
Associated with the consumption of bovine contaminated products
Sporadic with no cause
2. If a patient presents with symptoms of MAHA, what would be an appropriate
initial diagnostic step to assess potential cardiovascular implications?
Complete blood count and peripheral blood smear
Chest X-ray to evaluate lung conditions
Electrocardiogram to assess heart rhythm
Lipid profile to check cholesterol levels
3. A patient with poorly controlled asthma is currently on step 4 of their
treatment plan. If their symptoms do not improve, what would be the next
appropriate step in their management?
Increase to step 5 treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids
and a long-acting beta-agonist.
Switch to a leukotriene modifier.
Discontinue all medications and reassess.
Add a short-acting beta-agonist as needed.
,4. If a patient with a recent hip replacement presents with fever and localized
pain, what condition should be suspected?
Prosthetic joint osteomyelitis
Asthma
Acute coronary syndrome
Pneumonia
5. Describe the significance of a murmur heard at the apex during a physical
examination.
A murmur at the apex suggests aortic stenosis, which is a common
cause of chest pain.
A murmur at the apex is a normal finding and does not require further
investigation.
A murmur at the apex typically indicates mitral valve regurgitation,
which can lead to heart failure if untreated.
A murmur at the apex is indicative of pulmonary hypertension and
requires immediate intervention.
6. The most common presentation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is:
Fever with no apparent cause
Pruritus
Painless lymphadenopathy
Infection
Splenomegaly
,7. What diagnostic tool is considered the gold standard for identifying valvular
disorders?
Chest X-ray
Electrocardiogram
CT scan
Echocardiography
8. Describe the characteristics of the murmur associated with mitral valve
prolapse and its clinical significance.
The murmur is a continuous sound heard throughout the cardiac cycle,
indicating severe heart failure.
The murmur is a holosystolic sound, indicating tricuspid regurgitation.
The murmur is an early diastolic sound, suggesting aortic
regurgitation.
The murmur associated with mitral valve prolapse is characterized
by a mid-systolic click followed by a late systolic murmur, indicating
the regurgitation of blood due to improper closure of the mitral
valve.
9. Describe how the symptoms of Rocky Mountain spotted fever can progress
over time.
Symptoms can start with fever and headache, followed by a rash
and potential complications.
Symptoms are limited to gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and
vomiting.
Symptoms are primarily respiratory and include cough and wheezing.
, Symptoms begin with a rash that resolves quickly without other
symptoms.
10. In a patient with a recent infection, high levels of IgM are detected. What
does this indicate about the stage of their immune response?
The patient is likely in the acute phase of the immune response.
The patient has developed long-term immunity.
The patient is experiencing a chronic infection.
The patient has a weakened immune response.
11. Specific Immunity is due primarily to the actions of:
B and T cells
complement proteins
macrophages
interferons
12. Describe how beta-blockers can lead to bradyarrhythmias in patients.
Beta-blockers decrease heart rate by blocking the effects of
adrenaline on the heart.
Beta-blockers have no effect on heart rhythm.
Beta-blockers only affect blood pressure without impacting heart
rate.
Beta-blockers increase heart rate by stimulating the heart's
pacemaker.
13. If a patient presents with fever, headache, and a petechial rash, what would
be the most appropriate next step in management?
