ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 101 MODULE 3
1 EXAMINATION TEST 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What are the two main components of the circulatory system?
Answer: The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
◉ What structures make up the cardiovascular system? Answer: The
heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
◉ What is the function of the lymphatic system? Answer: It
transports lymph back to the bloodstream and plays a major role in
immune defense.
◉ What is lymph? Answer: A fluid containing white blood cells,
proteins, and waste products.
◉ How is blood carried throughout the body? Answer: Through
blood vessels.
◉ What is an artery? Answer: A blood vessel that carries blood away
from the heart.
,◉ What are arterioles? Answer: The smallest arteries that regulate
blood flow into capillaries.
◉ What are capillaries? Answer: Tiny vessels where exchange of
nutrients, gases, and wastes occurs.
◉ What are venules? Answer: Small vessels that collect blood from
capillaries and carry it to veins.
◉ What is a vein? Answer: A blood vessel that returns blood to the
heart.
◉ What do systemic arteries carry? Answer: Oxygen-rich blood from
the heart to body tissues.
◉ What do systemic veins carry? Answer: Oxygen-poor blood back
to the heart.
◉ What do pulmonary arteries carry? Answer: Oxygen-poor blood
from the heart to the lungs.
◉ What do pulmonary veins carry? Answer: Oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs to the heart.
,◉ What is the lumen? Answer: The hollow interior passageway of a
blood vessel through which blood flows.
◉ Why do arteries have smaller lumens than veins? Answer: To help
maintain higher blood pressure.
◉ What are the vasa vasorum? Answer: Small blood vessels that
supply the walls of large arteries and veins.
◉ What are the three tunics of blood vessels? Answer: Tunica
intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
◉ What is the tunica intima? Answer: The innermost layer of a blood
vessel in direct contact with blood.
◉ What type of tissue lines the tunica intima? Answer: Endothelium
(simple squamous epithelium).
◉ What chemicals are released by the endothelium to constrict
vessels? Answer: Endothelins.
◉ What is the basement membrane (basal lamina)? Answer: A layer
that anchors the endothelium to connective tissue while allowing
material exchange.
, ◉ What is the internal elastic membrane? Answer: A layer of elastic
fibers separating the tunica intima from the tunica media.
◉ What is the tunica media composed of? Answer: Smooth muscle
and elastic fibers.
◉ Which tunic is usually thickest in arteries? Answer: Tunica media.
◉ What is vasoconstriction? Answer: Contraction of smooth muscle
that narrows the lumen and increases blood pressure.
◉ What is vasodilation? Answer: Relaxation of smooth muscle that
widens the lumen and decreases blood pressure.
◉ What are nervi vasorum? Answer: Nerves that control contraction
of vessel smooth muscle.
◉ What is the external elastic membrane? Answer: Elastic fibers
separating the tunica media from the tunica externa.
◉ What is the tunica externa made of? Answer: Collagen fibers with
some elastic fibers.
1 EXAMINATION TEST 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ What are the two main components of the circulatory system?
Answer: The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system.
◉ What structures make up the cardiovascular system? Answer: The
heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
◉ What is the function of the lymphatic system? Answer: It
transports lymph back to the bloodstream and plays a major role in
immune defense.
◉ What is lymph? Answer: A fluid containing white blood cells,
proteins, and waste products.
◉ How is blood carried throughout the body? Answer: Through
blood vessels.
◉ What is an artery? Answer: A blood vessel that carries blood away
from the heart.
,◉ What are arterioles? Answer: The smallest arteries that regulate
blood flow into capillaries.
◉ What are capillaries? Answer: Tiny vessels where exchange of
nutrients, gases, and wastes occurs.
◉ What are venules? Answer: Small vessels that collect blood from
capillaries and carry it to veins.
◉ What is a vein? Answer: A blood vessel that returns blood to the
heart.
◉ What do systemic arteries carry? Answer: Oxygen-rich blood from
the heart to body tissues.
◉ What do systemic veins carry? Answer: Oxygen-poor blood back
to the heart.
◉ What do pulmonary arteries carry? Answer: Oxygen-poor blood
from the heart to the lungs.
◉ What do pulmonary veins carry? Answer: Oxygen-rich blood from
the lungs to the heart.
,◉ What is the lumen? Answer: The hollow interior passageway of a
blood vessel through which blood flows.
◉ Why do arteries have smaller lumens than veins? Answer: To help
maintain higher blood pressure.
◉ What are the vasa vasorum? Answer: Small blood vessels that
supply the walls of large arteries and veins.
◉ What are the three tunics of blood vessels? Answer: Tunica
intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
◉ What is the tunica intima? Answer: The innermost layer of a blood
vessel in direct contact with blood.
◉ What type of tissue lines the tunica intima? Answer: Endothelium
(simple squamous epithelium).
◉ What chemicals are released by the endothelium to constrict
vessels? Answer: Endothelins.
◉ What is the basement membrane (basal lamina)? Answer: A layer
that anchors the endothelium to connective tissue while allowing
material exchange.
, ◉ What is the internal elastic membrane? Answer: A layer of elastic
fibers separating the tunica intima from the tunica media.
◉ What is the tunica media composed of? Answer: Smooth muscle
and elastic fibers.
◉ Which tunic is usually thickest in arteries? Answer: Tunica media.
◉ What is vasoconstriction? Answer: Contraction of smooth muscle
that narrows the lumen and increases blood pressure.
◉ What is vasodilation? Answer: Relaxation of smooth muscle that
widens the lumen and decreases blood pressure.
◉ What are nervi vasorum? Answer: Nerves that control contraction
of vessel smooth muscle.
◉ What is the external elastic membrane? Answer: Elastic fibers
separating the tunica media from the tunica externa.
◉ What is the tunica externa made of? Answer: Collagen fibers with
some elastic fibers.
