GCU NUR 631: ADVANCED PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | GRAND
CANYON UNIVERSITY | VERIFIED EXAM SOLUTIONS - COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - CURRENT VERSION 2026/2027 (PASS
GUARANTEE)
GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY NUR 631: Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
1. Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production
through oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria ANSWER
D. Lysosome
2. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A. Triggers a significant inflammatory response
B. Results in cell membrane rupture
C. Is a programmed, energy-dependent process ANSWER
D. Causes swelling of organelles
3. Which of the following best describes cellular hypertrophy?
A. Increase in the number of cells
B. Decrease in cell size due to atrophy
C. Increase in cell size without cell division ANSWER
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
4. The process by which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another is
called:
, A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia ANSWER
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
5. Free radical injury to cells primarily results from:
A. Decreased intracellular calcium
B. Oxidative stress causing membrane lipid peroxidation ANSWER
C. Reduced ATP synthesis from increased glucose
D. Increased lysosomal enzyme activity
6. Ischemic cell injury initially impairs which cellular process?
A. Protein synthesis at ribosomes
B. Lysosomal enzyme release
C. Aerobic respiration and ATP production ANSWER
D. Nuclear DNA replication
7. Which type of necrosis is most characteristic of myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis ANSWER
D. Fat necrosis
8. The term 'dysplasia' refers to:
A. Normal cell proliferation in response to injury
B. Disordered cell growth with variation in size, shape, and
organization ANSWER
C. Complete loss of cell differentiation
D. Decrease in number of specialized cells
9. Which chemical mediator plays the most prominent role in initiating the
acute inflammatory response?
, A. Interleukin-10
B. Transforming growth factor-beta
C. Histamine ANSWER
D. Interferon-gamma
10. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. Rubor (redness)
B. Tumor (swelling)
C. Pallor (paleness) ANSWER
D. Dolor (pain)
11. An autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by:
A. Skipping of generations in inheritance pattern
B. Manifestation only in homozygous individuals
C. Expression of the phenotype in heterozygous individuals
ANSWER
D. Transmission exclusively through the maternal line
12. Which pattern of inheritance is exemplified by Duchenne muscular
dystrophy?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked recessive ANSWER
D. Mitochondrial
13. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) most commonly results from:
A. Translocation of chromosome 21
B. Mosaicism in early embryonic development
C. Non-disjunction during meiosis ANSWER
D. Deletion of chromosome 21 material
, 14. A single nucleotide change that results in a codon for a different amino
acid is called:
A. Silent mutation
B. Frameshift mutation
C. Missense mutation ANSWER
D. Nonsense mutation
15. Epigenetics refers to:
A. Changes in DNA nucleotide sequence inherited by offspring
B. Heritable changes in gene expression without changes to the
DNA sequence ANSWER
C. Random mutations caused by environmental carcinogens
D. Programmed cell death regulated by the genome
16. Cystic fibrosis follows which inheritance pattern?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive ANSWER
C. X-linked dominant
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
17. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are classified as:
A. Proto-oncogenes
B. Tumor suppressor genes ANSWER
C. Oncogenes
D. Apoptosis-inducing genes
18. Turner syndrome (45, X) primarily results in:
A. Male phenotype with intellectual disability
B. Female phenotype with gonadal dysgenesis and short stature
ANSWER
C. Ambiguous genitalia in males
D. Tall stature and infertility in males
CANYON UNIVERSITY | VERIFIED EXAM SOLUTIONS - COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - CURRENT VERSION 2026/2027 (PASS
GUARANTEE)
GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY NUR 631: Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology
1. Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production
through oxidative phosphorylation?
A. Endoplasmic reticulum
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Mitochondria ANSWER
D. Lysosome
2. Apoptosis differs from necrosis in that apoptosis:
A. Triggers a significant inflammatory response
B. Results in cell membrane rupture
C. Is a programmed, energy-dependent process ANSWER
D. Causes swelling of organelles
3. Which of the following best describes cellular hypertrophy?
A. Increase in the number of cells
B. Decrease in cell size due to atrophy
C. Increase in cell size without cell division ANSWER
D. Replacement of one cell type with another
4. The process by which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another is
called:
, A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia ANSWER
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
5. Free radical injury to cells primarily results from:
A. Decreased intracellular calcium
B. Oxidative stress causing membrane lipid peroxidation ANSWER
C. Reduced ATP synthesis from increased glucose
D. Increased lysosomal enzyme activity
6. Ischemic cell injury initially impairs which cellular process?
A. Protein synthesis at ribosomes
B. Lysosomal enzyme release
C. Aerobic respiration and ATP production ANSWER
D. Nuclear DNA replication
7. Which type of necrosis is most characteristic of myocardial infarction?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis ANSWER
D. Fat necrosis
8. The term 'dysplasia' refers to:
A. Normal cell proliferation in response to injury
B. Disordered cell growth with variation in size, shape, and
organization ANSWER
C. Complete loss of cell differentiation
D. Decrease in number of specialized cells
9. Which chemical mediator plays the most prominent role in initiating the
acute inflammatory response?
, A. Interleukin-10
B. Transforming growth factor-beta
C. Histamine ANSWER
D. Interferon-gamma
10. The cardinal signs of acute inflammation include all of the following
EXCEPT:
A. Rubor (redness)
B. Tumor (swelling)
C. Pallor (paleness) ANSWER
D. Dolor (pain)
11. An autosomal dominant disorder is characterized by:
A. Skipping of generations in inheritance pattern
B. Manifestation only in homozygous individuals
C. Expression of the phenotype in heterozygous individuals
ANSWER
D. Transmission exclusively through the maternal line
12. Which pattern of inheritance is exemplified by Duchenne muscular
dystrophy?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked recessive ANSWER
D. Mitochondrial
13. Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) most commonly results from:
A. Translocation of chromosome 21
B. Mosaicism in early embryonic development
C. Non-disjunction during meiosis ANSWER
D. Deletion of chromosome 21 material
, 14. A single nucleotide change that results in a codon for a different amino
acid is called:
A. Silent mutation
B. Frameshift mutation
C. Missense mutation ANSWER
D. Nonsense mutation
15. Epigenetics refers to:
A. Changes in DNA nucleotide sequence inherited by offspring
B. Heritable changes in gene expression without changes to the
DNA sequence ANSWER
C. Random mutations caused by environmental carcinogens
D. Programmed cell death regulated by the genome
16. Cystic fibrosis follows which inheritance pattern?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive ANSWER
C. X-linked dominant
D. Mitochondrial inheritance
17. The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are classified as:
A. Proto-oncogenes
B. Tumor suppressor genes ANSWER
C. Oncogenes
D. Apoptosis-inducing genes
18. Turner syndrome (45, X) primarily results in:
A. Male phenotype with intellectual disability
B. Female phenotype with gonadal dysgenesis and short stature
ANSWER
C. Ambiguous genitalia in males
D. Tall stature and infertility in males
