EEB 3409 Exam 2| Ques ons and answers | Updated
RATED A+ | NEW
linkage disequilibrium
tests whether alleles are together as o en as expected by chance; sta s cal test to test
associa on of alleles
recmbina on
what reduces LD
evolu on
what can create LD
D = p(AB) - p(A)p(B)
equa on for LD
discrete traits
quan ta ve traits with a single locus
con nuous traits
quan ta ve traits with mul ple loci such as running speed, blood pressure, crop yield
Vp = Vg + Ve
equa on used to describe a quan ta ve trait
narrow sense heritability (h^2)
the propor on of phenotypic variance that is due to addi ve gene c differences among
individuals
R = h^2(S)
equa on used to predict selec on using heritability
quan ta ve gene cs
the study of traits that are influenced by lots of loci and the environment
heritability (H^2)
, the variance due to gene cs
selec on
what drives varia on in genome size?
dri
what drives big genomes in small popula ons?
duplica on
selfish gene c elements
viral invasion
what diverse processes increase genome size? (3)
Kimura's Neutral Theory
most observed DNA varia on within a species is selec vely neutral due to dri and most inter-
specific differences in DNA sequences are the result of dri
Neutral Theory
Dri (not selec on) is the dominant force shaping the subs tu ons that are observed at the
molecular level
non-coding regions (BUT regula on)
synonymous muta ons (BUT codon bias)
outside ac ve sites
why might muta ons be neutral? (3)
= kv
the number of neutral muta ons in a haploid per genera on; fixa on rate per genera on
molecular clock
if you know the number of muta ons that fix each genera on, then you can figure out how
many genera ons ago popula ons separated
2Nekv (1/2Ne) = kv
null model provided by neutral theory that allows the predic on of rate of varia on if loci are
neutral
neutral theory
RATED A+ | NEW
linkage disequilibrium
tests whether alleles are together as o en as expected by chance; sta s cal test to test
associa on of alleles
recmbina on
what reduces LD
evolu on
what can create LD
D = p(AB) - p(A)p(B)
equa on for LD
discrete traits
quan ta ve traits with a single locus
con nuous traits
quan ta ve traits with mul ple loci such as running speed, blood pressure, crop yield
Vp = Vg + Ve
equa on used to describe a quan ta ve trait
narrow sense heritability (h^2)
the propor on of phenotypic variance that is due to addi ve gene c differences among
individuals
R = h^2(S)
equa on used to predict selec on using heritability
quan ta ve gene cs
the study of traits that are influenced by lots of loci and the environment
heritability (H^2)
, the variance due to gene cs
selec on
what drives varia on in genome size?
dri
what drives big genomes in small popula ons?
duplica on
selfish gene c elements
viral invasion
what diverse processes increase genome size? (3)
Kimura's Neutral Theory
most observed DNA varia on within a species is selec vely neutral due to dri and most inter-
specific differences in DNA sequences are the result of dri
Neutral Theory
Dri (not selec on) is the dominant force shaping the subs tu ons that are observed at the
molecular level
non-coding regions (BUT regula on)
synonymous muta ons (BUT codon bias)
outside ac ve sites
why might muta ons be neutral? (3)
= kv
the number of neutral muta ons in a haploid per genera on; fixa on rate per genera on
molecular clock
if you know the number of muta ons that fix each genera on, then you can figure out how
many genera ons ago popula ons separated
2Nekv (1/2Ne) = kv
null model provided by neutral theory that allows the predic on of rate of varia on if loci are
neutral
neutral theory
