TTU Exit Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
Attrition Bias -
correct answer ✅o Systematic differences between comparison
groups in withdrawals or exclusion of participants from the results
of a study
o Example
- Participants may drop out of a study because of side effects of an
intervention and excluding these participants from the analysis
could result in an overestimate of the effectiveness of the
intervention, especially when the proportion of dropping out varies
by treatment group
o Epidemiologic study -
correct answer ✅§ Larger groups
§ Less control, observations are of free-living populations
§ Looking for relationships between lifestyle or genetic factors and
disease risk
§ Can suggest associations but cannot prove cause and effect
o Population-based intervention trial -
correct answer ✅§ Cross between clinical and epidemiologic study
§ Usually larger and free living
,TTU Exit Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
§ Placebo controlled and double blind
o Placebo controlled -
correct answer ✅§ Group do f subject are given fake or mock
pill/food that looks tastes and smells just like experimental
treatment
§ Placebo effect
o Double blind/masked -
correct answer ✅§ Neither the subjects or the researchers know
which subjects are getting the real treatment or the placebo
§ Reduces bias
o Prospective study -
correct answer ✅§ Look at subjects at one or more time points
and see who gets diseases in the future and try to find associations
o Retrospective study -
correct answer ✅§ Find people with a certain disease and try to
find out what happened in the past to influence risk
§ Begins with a presumed outcome and goes back to look for the
presumed case
,TTU Exit Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
§ Weaker design
o Case control study -
correct answer ✅§ A. retrospective study
§ People with a disease or condition are identified and past
exposure, care, or treatment is examined as to its effect on the
disease incidence or risk
o Longitudinal -
correct answer ✅§ Data collected from subjects at multiple points
in time
o Cross-sectional -
correct answer ✅§ Observes a group at one single point in time
§ Analyzes data from one point in time
§ Type of observational study on data collected at one point in time
§ Looks at the relationship between health characteristic or variable
and another variable in a specific group at one point in time
§ Will not have any information on timing of exposure and
outcomes relationships and include only prevalent cases
§ Cannot determine direction of association
, TTU Exit Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
o Descriptive/Observational -
correct answer ✅§ Describe the state at a point in time
§ Establish associations
§ Includes research like surveys
§ Does not have control over the variables but reports what is
occurring
§ Can be used to generate hypotheses
§ Describe characteristics and frequency of items of interest being
studied
§ Way to obtain information that may be helpful in hypothesizing
and detecting associations
§ Cannot test a hypothesis or verify a cause and effect relationship
Qualitative or descripted epidemiologic research
Qualitative research -
correct answer ✅§ Produce data that are not numerical but
described by words
· Observations, interviews, focus groups
(Grade A+)
Attrition Bias -
correct answer ✅o Systematic differences between comparison
groups in withdrawals or exclusion of participants from the results
of a study
o Example
- Participants may drop out of a study because of side effects of an
intervention and excluding these participants from the analysis
could result in an overestimate of the effectiveness of the
intervention, especially when the proportion of dropping out varies
by treatment group
o Epidemiologic study -
correct answer ✅§ Larger groups
§ Less control, observations are of free-living populations
§ Looking for relationships between lifestyle or genetic factors and
disease risk
§ Can suggest associations but cannot prove cause and effect
o Population-based intervention trial -
correct answer ✅§ Cross between clinical and epidemiologic study
§ Usually larger and free living
,TTU Exit Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
§ Placebo controlled and double blind
o Placebo controlled -
correct answer ✅§ Group do f subject are given fake or mock
pill/food that looks tastes and smells just like experimental
treatment
§ Placebo effect
o Double blind/masked -
correct answer ✅§ Neither the subjects or the researchers know
which subjects are getting the real treatment or the placebo
§ Reduces bias
o Prospective study -
correct answer ✅§ Look at subjects at one or more time points
and see who gets diseases in the future and try to find associations
o Retrospective study -
correct answer ✅§ Find people with a certain disease and try to
find out what happened in the past to influence risk
§ Begins with a presumed outcome and goes back to look for the
presumed case
,TTU Exit Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
§ Weaker design
o Case control study -
correct answer ✅§ A. retrospective study
§ People with a disease or condition are identified and past
exposure, care, or treatment is examined as to its effect on the
disease incidence or risk
o Longitudinal -
correct answer ✅§ Data collected from subjects at multiple points
in time
o Cross-sectional -
correct answer ✅§ Observes a group at one single point in time
§ Analyzes data from one point in time
§ Type of observational study on data collected at one point in time
§ Looks at the relationship between health characteristic or variable
and another variable in a specific group at one point in time
§ Will not have any information on timing of exposure and
outcomes relationships and include only prevalent cases
§ Cannot determine direction of association
, TTU Exit Exam Questions & Answers
(Grade A+)
o Descriptive/Observational -
correct answer ✅§ Describe the state at a point in time
§ Establish associations
§ Includes research like surveys
§ Does not have control over the variables but reports what is
occurring
§ Can be used to generate hypotheses
§ Describe characteristics and frequency of items of interest being
studied
§ Way to obtain information that may be helpful in hypothesizing
and detecting associations
§ Cannot test a hypothesis or verify a cause and effect relationship
Qualitative or descripted epidemiologic research
Qualitative research -
correct answer ✅§ Produce data that are not numerical but
described by words
· Observations, interviews, focus groups
