NUR2063 PATHO EXAM 1
STUDY GUIDE With 100%
correct answers + rationales
2026
- state of equilibrium or balance
. within and organism. (e.g,, fever is
Homeostasis
indicative of an alteration in
i homeostatic control
. FVD( fluid volume deficit), FVE(
alteration in homeostasis . fluid volume excess), fever, chills
: and acidosis.
within eukaryotic cells produce
Mitochondria
i (ATP)-energy.
renin when bp drops, to increase
Kidneys secrete what
: bp
i vasoconstriction and increased
RAAS CAUSES
: blood pressure.
ALDOSTERONE released by . adrenal cortex
, distal tubules and promotes
aldosterone acts on . reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in
: the blood.
produced by the pituitary gland in
ADH(antiduretic hormone)
. response to the hypothalamus.
. is a special case of diffusion
involving the movement of water
OSMOSIS . into and out of the cells. travels
towards a lower concentration of
. water.
movement of water between
Example of osmosis interstitial fluid and intracellular
{ compartments
water passively moves from an
. area of lower particle
process of osmosis
concentration to an area of higher
. particle concentration
requires ATP, for the movement of
. solutes from an area of low to
active transport
high concentration against
: concentration gradients.
i this occurs when a solute is more
concentration gradient . concentrated in one area than
\ another.
potassium exists predominantly
i intracellular fluid
where?
, sodium exists predominantly in . extracellular fluid
chloride exists predominantly in . extracellular fluid
Isotonic : fluid vol increased w/o fluid shift
causes a fluid shift from
Hypotonic . extracellular space into
intracellular space
" causes fluid shift from
Hypertonic . intracellular space to extracellular
{ space
i protective stress system response
general adaption syndrome . includes 3 stages -alarm,
| resistance, exhaustion
fight or flight. stimulates (SNS)
alarm stage i RESULTING IN RELEASE OF
: EPINEPHRINE AND CORTISOL.
i dilated pupils, increased heart
physiological reaction with fight
: rate, increased blood pressure,
or flight
: increased resp rate
i cortisol levels and sympathetic
resistance stage
nervous system return to normal
body becomes depleted, and
exhaustion stage
i damage may appear.
STUDY GUIDE With 100%
correct answers + rationales
2026
- state of equilibrium or balance
. within and organism. (e.g,, fever is
Homeostasis
indicative of an alteration in
i homeostatic control
. FVD( fluid volume deficit), FVE(
alteration in homeostasis . fluid volume excess), fever, chills
: and acidosis.
within eukaryotic cells produce
Mitochondria
i (ATP)-energy.
renin when bp drops, to increase
Kidneys secrete what
: bp
i vasoconstriction and increased
RAAS CAUSES
: blood pressure.
ALDOSTERONE released by . adrenal cortex
, distal tubules and promotes
aldosterone acts on . reabsorption of Na+ and H2O in
: the blood.
produced by the pituitary gland in
ADH(antiduretic hormone)
. response to the hypothalamus.
. is a special case of diffusion
involving the movement of water
OSMOSIS . into and out of the cells. travels
towards a lower concentration of
. water.
movement of water between
Example of osmosis interstitial fluid and intracellular
{ compartments
water passively moves from an
. area of lower particle
process of osmosis
concentration to an area of higher
. particle concentration
requires ATP, for the movement of
. solutes from an area of low to
active transport
high concentration against
: concentration gradients.
i this occurs when a solute is more
concentration gradient . concentrated in one area than
\ another.
potassium exists predominantly
i intracellular fluid
where?
, sodium exists predominantly in . extracellular fluid
chloride exists predominantly in . extracellular fluid
Isotonic : fluid vol increased w/o fluid shift
causes a fluid shift from
Hypotonic . extracellular space into
intracellular space
" causes fluid shift from
Hypertonic . intracellular space to extracellular
{ space
i protective stress system response
general adaption syndrome . includes 3 stages -alarm,
| resistance, exhaustion
fight or flight. stimulates (SNS)
alarm stage i RESULTING IN RELEASE OF
: EPINEPHRINE AND CORTISOL.
i dilated pupils, increased heart
physiological reaction with fight
: rate, increased blood pressure,
or flight
: increased resp rate
i cortisol levels and sympathetic
resistance stage
nervous system return to normal
body becomes depleted, and
exhaustion stage
i damage may appear.
