NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 2026/2027 | Page 1 |
Passing Score: 80%
WALDEN UNIVERSITY
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology
Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 |
Scored 100% 2026/2027
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY · Official Exam 2026/2027
100 80% CERTIFIED
QUESTIONS PASSING SCORE RECERTIFICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 Cellular Biology & Genetic Disorders Q1-Q20
Section 2 Immunity, Inflammation & Infection Q21-Q40
Section 3 Cardiovascular & Hematologic Disorders Q41-Q60
Section 4 Pulmonary & Renal Disorders Q61-Q80
Section 5 Neurological & Endocrine Disorders Q81-Q100
Instructions: Select the single best answer for each question. This exam is designed for NURS 6501 Advanced
Pathophysiology final exam preparation. Passing score: 80% (80 questions correct).
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 1 of 2
, SECTION 1 | Cellular Biology & Genetic Disorders | Q1-Q20 | NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 |
Scored 100% 2026/2027 2026/2027
Q1 Question 1 of 100
A 6-month-old infant presents with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and
progressive neurodegeneration. Enzyme analysis reveals deficient hexosaminidase
A activity. This infant most likely has which disorder?
A. Gaucher disease
B. Fabry disease
C. Niemann-Pick disease
D. Tay-Sachs disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Tay-Sachs disease results from a deficiency of hexosaminidase A leading to GM2 ganglioside accumulation in
neurons. Gaucher disease involves glucocerebrosidase deficiency, and Niemann-Pick involves
sphingomyelinase deficiency, each with distinct enzyme profiles.
Q2 Question 2 of 100
A 34-year-old woman of Ashkenazi Jewish descent undergoes genetic counseling.
She is found to be a carrier of a CFTR gene mutation with the delta F508 deletion.
If her partner is also a carrier, what is the probability their child will have cystic
fibrosis?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Cystic fibrosis follows autosomal recessive inheritance; when both parents are carriers, each child has a 25%
chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being a carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected.
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 2 of 2
, Q3 Question 3 of 100
A 45-year-old man presents with progressive muscle weakness, elevated creatine
kinase, and a confirmed deletion in the dystrophin gene. Molecular analysis reveals
an out-of-frame deletion. This genetic mechanism best explains which pathologic
finding?
A. Production of a truncated, nonfunctional dystrophin protein leading to progressive
myofiber degeneration
B. Mosaicism affecting only cardiac muscle cells
C. Gain-of-function mutation producing a toxic dystrophin variant
D. Complete absence of dystrophin protein causing sarcolemmal instability and muscle
fiber necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Out-of-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene typically result in complete absence of the dystrophin protein,
which is characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In-frame deletions that produce a partially functional
truncated protein are characteristic of the milder Becker form.
Q4 Question 4 of 100
A 28-year-old woman presents with bilateral hearing loss, multiple café-au-lait
spots, and Lisch nodules on iris examination. She reports that her father had similar
findings. The inheritance pattern of her condition is best described as which of the
following?
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant with complete penetrance
C. Autosomal dominant with variable expressivity
D. X-linked dominant
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Neurofibromatosis type 1 follows autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity, meaning affected
individuals show differing severity and manifestations. Complete penetrance means all who carry the gene
show some features, but expressivity varies widely.
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 3 of 2
, Q5 Question 5 of 100
A 55-year-old man with a 30-pack-year smoking history develops a lung mass.
Biopsy reveals non-small cell carcinoma with a KRAS mutation at codon 12. This
mutation is best classified as which type of genetic alteration?
A. Tumor suppressor gene loss
B. Microsatellite instability
C. Chromosomal translocation
D. Gain-of-function oncogene mutation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
KRAS mutations at codon 12 are gain-of-function mutations that constitutively activate the RAS signaling
pathway, promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation. This is an oncogene activation, distinct from tumor
suppressor loss or chromosomal translocation.
Q6 Question 6 of 100
A 3-year-old boy presents with bilateral retinoblastoma. Genetic testing reveals a
germline mutation in the RB1 gene. According to Knudson's two-hit hypothesis,
which statement best explains his bilateral disease?
A. Two somatic mutations occurred independently in each eye
B. One mutation in the RB1 gene is sufficient for tumor formation
C. A germline mutation was inherited and a second somatic mutation occurred in each
retinal cell line
D. The RB1 gene acts as an oncogene when mutated
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Knudson's two-hit hypothesis explains that bilateral retinoblastoma results from an inherited germline mutation
(first hit) in all cells, with a second somatic mutation (second hit) occurring independently in each retinal cell
lineage. A single mutation is insufficient for tumor formation.
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 4 of 2
Passing Score: 80%
WALDEN UNIVERSITY
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology
Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 |
Scored 100% 2026/2027
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY · Official Exam 2026/2027
100 80% CERTIFIED
QUESTIONS PASSING SCORE RECERTIFICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 Cellular Biology & Genetic Disorders Q1-Q20
Section 2 Immunity, Inflammation & Infection Q21-Q40
Section 3 Cardiovascular & Hematologic Disorders Q41-Q60
Section 4 Pulmonary & Renal Disorders Q61-Q80
Section 5 Neurological & Endocrine Disorders Q81-Q100
Instructions: Select the single best answer for each question. This exam is designed for NURS 6501 Advanced
Pathophysiology final exam preparation. Passing score: 80% (80 questions correct).
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 1 of 2
, SECTION 1 | Cellular Biology & Genetic Disorders | Q1-Q20 | NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 |
Scored 100% 2026/2027 2026/2027
Q1 Question 1 of 100
A 6-month-old infant presents with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and
progressive neurodegeneration. Enzyme analysis reveals deficient hexosaminidase
A activity. This infant most likely has which disorder?
A. Gaucher disease
B. Fabry disease
C. Niemann-Pick disease
D. Tay-Sachs disease
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Tay-Sachs disease results from a deficiency of hexosaminidase A leading to GM2 ganglioside accumulation in
neurons. Gaucher disease involves glucocerebrosidase deficiency, and Niemann-Pick involves
sphingomyelinase deficiency, each with distinct enzyme profiles.
Q2 Question 2 of 100
A 34-year-old woman of Ashkenazi Jewish descent undergoes genetic counseling.
She is found to be a carrier of a CFTR gene mutation with the delta F508 deletion.
If her partner is also a carrier, what is the probability their child will have cystic
fibrosis?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Cystic fibrosis follows autosomal recessive inheritance; when both parents are carriers, each child has a 25%
chance of being affected, a 50% chance of being a carrier, and a 25% chance of being unaffected.
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 2 of 2
, Q3 Question 3 of 100
A 45-year-old man presents with progressive muscle weakness, elevated creatine
kinase, and a confirmed deletion in the dystrophin gene. Molecular analysis reveals
an out-of-frame deletion. This genetic mechanism best explains which pathologic
finding?
A. Production of a truncated, nonfunctional dystrophin protein leading to progressive
myofiber degeneration
B. Mosaicism affecting only cardiac muscle cells
C. Gain-of-function mutation producing a toxic dystrophin variant
D. Complete absence of dystrophin protein causing sarcolemmal instability and muscle
fiber necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Out-of-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene typically result in complete absence of the dystrophin protein,
which is characteristic of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In-frame deletions that produce a partially functional
truncated protein are characteristic of the milder Becker form.
Q4 Question 4 of 100
A 28-year-old woman presents with bilateral hearing loss, multiple café-au-lait
spots, and Lisch nodules on iris examination. She reports that her father had similar
findings. The inheritance pattern of her condition is best described as which of the
following?
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Autosomal dominant with complete penetrance
C. Autosomal dominant with variable expressivity
D. X-linked dominant
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Neurofibromatosis type 1 follows autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity, meaning affected
individuals show differing severity and manifestations. Complete penetrance means all who carry the gene
show some features, but expressivity varies widely.
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 3 of 2
, Q5 Question 5 of 100
A 55-year-old man with a 30-pack-year smoking history develops a lung mass.
Biopsy reveals non-small cell carcinoma with a KRAS mutation at codon 12. This
mutation is best classified as which type of genetic alteration?
A. Tumor suppressor gene loss
B. Microsatellite instability
C. Chromosomal translocation
D. Gain-of-function oncogene mutation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
KRAS mutations at codon 12 are gain-of-function mutations that constitutively activate the RAS signaling
pathway, promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation. This is an oncogene activation, distinct from tumor
suppressor loss or chromosomal translocation.
Q6 Question 6 of 100
A 3-year-old boy presents with bilateral retinoblastoma. Genetic testing reveals a
germline mutation in the RB1 gene. According to Knudson's two-hit hypothesis,
which statement best explains his bilateral disease?
A. Two somatic mutations occurred independently in each eye
B. One mutation in the RB1 gene is sufficient for tumor formation
C. A germline mutation was inherited and a second somatic mutation occurred in each
retinal cell line
D. The RB1 gene acts as an oncogene when mutated
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Knudson's two-hit hypothesis explains that bilateral retinoblastoma results from an inherited germline mutation
(first hit) in all cells, with a second somatic mutation (second hit) occurring independently in each retinal cell
lineage. A single mutation is insufficient for tumor formation.
NURS 6501 / NURS6501, Advanced Pathophysiology Final exam | Week 11| LATEST 2026/2027 | Scored 100% 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing
Score: 80% | Page 4 of 2
