GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final Exam
Fundamentals of Medical Physiology
Final Exam 2026 Study Guide Latest
Questions and Verified Answers Pass
Guaranteed
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be
voluntary movement.
False
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major
muscle type.
True
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are
secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is
secreted into the feces.
True
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left
atrium-left ventricle-lung-right atrium-right ventricle.
False
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3
lobes in the left lung.
False
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli.
,True
T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two
kidneys, two ureters and two bladders.
False
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the
following order: Bowman's capsule-proximal tubule-distal
tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct.
False
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule
- collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important
roles in controlling the activities of many different organ
systems to maintain homeostasis.
True
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is
determined by receptors.
True
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath
(non-myelinated area) is called nodes of Ranvier where
action potential is insulated.
False
Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential
propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from
nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents
ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane?
Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid
In the cytoplasm
,Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is
_______________.
passive through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid
In the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means
that the molecules move across a membrane:
from a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active
transport to occur?
ATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes.
False
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a
compartment of low concentration to a compartment of high
concentration.
True
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the
movement of glucose is from a compartment of high
concentration to a compartment of low concentration.
False
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified
as "Active" transport.
False
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell
membranes simultaneously but independently.
True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium
potential exist?
at equilibrium
, What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's
electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell
membrane?
Concentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single
highly permeant ion species is controlled by the
concentration gradient.
True
T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the
major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration
gradients
True
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is
regulated by concentration differences across plasma
membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative
permeability to K+ is very high.
true
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for
establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+
K+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the
concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration.
True
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative
degree of ion permeability as well as ion concentration
gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane.
True
Fundamentals of Medical Physiology
Final Exam 2026 Study Guide Latest
Questions and Verified Answers Pass
Guaranteed
T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be
voluntary movement.
False
It moves involuntarily.
T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major
muscle type.
True
T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are
secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is
secreted into the feces.
True
T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left
atrium-left ventricle-lung-right atrium-right ventricle.
False
Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle
T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3
lobes in the left lung.
False
3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung
T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli.
,True
T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two
kidneys, two ureters and two bladders.
False
Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder
T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the
following order: Bowman's capsule-proximal tubule-distal
tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct.
False
Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule
- collecting duct
T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important
roles in controlling the activities of many different organ
systems to maintain homeostasis.
True
T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is
determined by receptors.
True
T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath
(non-myelinated area) is called nodes of Ranvier where
action potential is insulated.
False
Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential
propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from
nodes of Ranvier to another node.
What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents
ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane?
Lipids (phospholipids)
Where is the concentration of [K+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid
In the cytoplasm
,Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is
_______________.
passive through a channel
Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater:
- in the cytoplasm
- in the extracellular fluid
In the extracellular fluid
For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means
that the molecules move across a membrane:
from a low concentration to a high concentration
What molecule is the source of energy for primary active
transport to occur?
ATP
T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes.
False
T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a
compartment of low concentration to a compartment of high
concentration.
True
T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the
movement of glucose is from a compartment of high
concentration to a compartment of low concentration.
False
T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified
as "Active" transport.
False
T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell
membranes simultaneously but independently.
True
At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium
potential exist?
at equilibrium
, What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's
electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell
membrane?
Concentration (chemical) gradient
T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single
highly permeant ion species is controlled by the
concentration gradient.
True
T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the
major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration
gradients
True
T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is
regulated by concentration differences across plasma
membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative
permeability to K+ is very high.
true
Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for
establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential?
- Mg++
- Na+
- K+
K+
T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the
concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration.
True
T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative
degree of ion permeability as well as ion concentration
gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane.
True
