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NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW:
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺
ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient essential
for membrane potential. - ANSWER-Sodium-Potassium Pump
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to
their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. -
ANSWER-Mitochondria
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or
accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH. -
ANSWER-Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies,
central to humoral immunity. - ANSWER-B Lymphocytes
,2 | Page
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to
water influx and cell swelling. - ANSWER-Hallmark of
Reversible Cellular Injury
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature
set point, causing fever. - ANSWER-Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. - ANSWER-Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood
flow to the inflamed area. - ANSWER-Cardinal Sign of Acute
Inflammation
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features. - ANSWER-
Down Syndrome
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of
dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis. - ANSWER-
Liquefactive Necrosis
,3 | Page
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in
agglutination and complement activation. - ANSWER-IgM
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive
unregulated cell proliferation. - ANSWER-Oncogene
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential,
increasing the risk of arrhythmias. - ANSWER-Hypokalemia
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to
widespread inflammation and tissue damage. - ANSWER-Type
III Hypersensitivity
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates
voluntary movement. - ANSWER-Frontal Lobe
Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to
tissues, causing cellular dysfunction. - ANSWER-Impaired
tissue perfusion
, 4 | Page
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle
constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the airway. -
ANSWER-Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or
unneeded cells without inflammation. - ANSWER-Apoptosis
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary
arteries and causing infarction. - ANSWER-Atherosclerotic
plaque rupture
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated
levels suggest impaired renal function. - ANSWER-Serum
creatinine
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the
distal nephron to increase blood volume. - ANSWER-
Aldosterone
NSG 5140 MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW:
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2026/2027 ACTUAL QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS.
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺
ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient essential
for membrane potential. - ANSWER-Sodium-Potassium Pump
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to
their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. -
ANSWER-Mitochondria
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or
accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH. -
ANSWER-Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies,
central to humoral immunity. - ANSWER-B Lymphocytes
,2 | Page
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to
water influx and cell swelling. - ANSWER-Hallmark of
Reversible Cellular Injury
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature
set point, causing fever. - ANSWER-Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy
insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. - ANSWER-Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus
Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood
flow to the inflamed area. - ANSWER-Cardinal Sign of Acute
Inflammation
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features. - ANSWER-
Down Syndrome
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of
dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis. - ANSWER-
Liquefactive Necrosis
,3 | Page
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in
agglutination and complement activation. - ANSWER-IgM
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive
unregulated cell proliferation. - ANSWER-Oncogene
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential,
increasing the risk of arrhythmias. - ANSWER-Hypokalemia
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to
widespread inflammation and tissue damage. - ANSWER-Type
III Hypersensitivity
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates
voluntary movement. - ANSWER-Frontal Lobe
Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to
tissues, causing cellular dysfunction. - ANSWER-Impaired
tissue perfusion
, 4 | Page
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle
constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the airway. -
ANSWER-Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or
unneeded cells without inflammation. - ANSWER-Apoptosis
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary
arteries and causing infarction. - ANSWER-Atherosclerotic
plaque rupture
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated
levels suggest impaired renal function. - ANSWER-Serum
creatinine
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the
distal nephron to increase blood volume. - ANSWER-
Aldosterone
