NURS 2410 Exam 1 UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
How do we know if a patient is healthy or unhealthy? - correct answer clinical exams, blood
tests, rad investigations
Normal values vary based on age, gender, genetics, environment, activity level
The study of functional or structural changes due to disease - correct answer pathophysiology
Describe pathphysiology - correct answer -uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology
- studies cause and effect relationship of a disease
- explains clinical manifestations = signs and symptoms from a specific disease
Course of the disease from onset to end - correct answer pathogenesis
Gross level vs microscopic level - correct answer gross level - organ changes = heart
hypertrophy with htn
Microscopic level - cellular level = liver fibrosis in cirrhosis
Biopsy vs autopsy - correct answer biopsy = excision of small amounts of living tissue
Autopsy = exam of body and organs after death
Identification of a disease is a ________
What is this based on? - correct answer diagnosis
,Based on history, eval of signs/symptoms, lab tests
Symptoms vs signs - correct answer symptoms = patients complains, cannot be measured (e.g.
Nausea, ha)
Signs = can be measured or seen (e.g. Temp, bp)
Prognosis vs differential diagnosis - correct answer prognosis = outcome of a particular disease
Differential diagnosis = distinguishing diseases that may produce similar signs and symptoms
Causative factors in a disease - correct answer etiology
Example of etiology - correct answer the flu virus is the etiological agent for the flu
Etiological factors can be: - correct answer 1. Congenital defects = defects at birth
2. Genetic disorders e.g. Sickle cell
2. Microorganisms = bacteria, virus, fungi, etc
3. Immunologic dysfunctions e.g. Autoimmune = sle
4. Degenerative changes e.g. Osteoarthritis
5. Malignancy = cancers
6. Metabolic, nutritional problems e.g. Vitamin deficiency
7. Trauma, burns, environ factors (heat, cold, pressure)
Idiopathic vs iatrogenic - correct answer idiopathic - cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic - error/treatment/procedure may cause disease
What are predisposing factors/risk factors? - correct answer age, gender, inherited factors,
lifestyle environment, etc
,E.g. Smoking is a risk factor for heart disease and lung cancer
Sudden/acute vs insidious onset of disease - correct answer sudden/acute = e.g. Mi, cva (stroke)
Insidious = gradual, vague, or mild signs e.g. Flu
Acute vs chronic diseases - correct answer acute = short term, develops quickly; e.g. High
fever, severe pain, etc
Chronic = develops gradually; milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes
Subclinical state vs latent state vs prodromal period vs manifestations - correct
answer subclinical state = pathologic changes, no clinical manifestations
Latent state = no symptoms or clinical signs evident; in infectious diseases: "incubation period"
Prodromal period = early development of disease; signs are nonspecific "i feel yucky"
Manifestations = clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
Local vs systemic manifestations - correct answer local - at site of problem
Systemic - general indicators or illness; i.e. Fever
Specific change in tissues - local or generalized - correct answer lesions
Collection of signs and symptoms usually involving several body systems - correct
answer syndrome
Remissions vs exacerbations - correct answer "ups and downs" of a disease
, Remission - period which manifestations subside
Exacerbation - a worsening of severity
Condition that triggers an acute episode of a disease - correct answer precipitating factor
E.g. Cigarette smoke may trigger acute episode of bronchial asthma
Measures to promote recovery/healing - correct answer therapy
Result or outcome of a disease process - correct answer sequelae
Period of recovery and return to healthy state - correct answer convalescence or rehabilitation
New secondary or additional problems - correct answer complications
Morbidity vs mortality - correct answer morbidity - disease rates within a group that affect the
quality of life
Mortality - relative number of deaths resulting from a disease
Tracking the pattern of occurrence of disease - correct answer epidemiology
What happens when a cell is threatened? How does this happen? - correct answer it reacts by
adapting. If it cannot adapt, the cell dies. The cell adapts by: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia, or dysplasia
Atrophy vs hypertrophy vs hyperplasia - correct answer atrophy = decrease in size of cells;
results in reduced tissue mass
Hypertrophy = increase in cell size; results in enlarged tissue mass
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
How do we know if a patient is healthy or unhealthy? - correct answer clinical exams, blood
tests, rad investigations
Normal values vary based on age, gender, genetics, environment, activity level
The study of functional or structural changes due to disease - correct answer pathophysiology
Describe pathphysiology - correct answer -uses knowledge of basic anatomy and physiology
- studies cause and effect relationship of a disease
- explains clinical manifestations = signs and symptoms from a specific disease
Course of the disease from onset to end - correct answer pathogenesis
Gross level vs microscopic level - correct answer gross level - organ changes = heart
hypertrophy with htn
Microscopic level - cellular level = liver fibrosis in cirrhosis
Biopsy vs autopsy - correct answer biopsy = excision of small amounts of living tissue
Autopsy = exam of body and organs after death
Identification of a disease is a ________
What is this based on? - correct answer diagnosis
,Based on history, eval of signs/symptoms, lab tests
Symptoms vs signs - correct answer symptoms = patients complains, cannot be measured (e.g.
Nausea, ha)
Signs = can be measured or seen (e.g. Temp, bp)
Prognosis vs differential diagnosis - correct answer prognosis = outcome of a particular disease
Differential diagnosis = distinguishing diseases that may produce similar signs and symptoms
Causative factors in a disease - correct answer etiology
Example of etiology - correct answer the flu virus is the etiological agent for the flu
Etiological factors can be: - correct answer 1. Congenital defects = defects at birth
2. Genetic disorders e.g. Sickle cell
2. Microorganisms = bacteria, virus, fungi, etc
3. Immunologic dysfunctions e.g. Autoimmune = sle
4. Degenerative changes e.g. Osteoarthritis
5. Malignancy = cancers
6. Metabolic, nutritional problems e.g. Vitamin deficiency
7. Trauma, burns, environ factors (heat, cold, pressure)
Idiopathic vs iatrogenic - correct answer idiopathic - cause of disease is unknown
Iatrogenic - error/treatment/procedure may cause disease
What are predisposing factors/risk factors? - correct answer age, gender, inherited factors,
lifestyle environment, etc
,E.g. Smoking is a risk factor for heart disease and lung cancer
Sudden/acute vs insidious onset of disease - correct answer sudden/acute = e.g. Mi, cva (stroke)
Insidious = gradual, vague, or mild signs e.g. Flu
Acute vs chronic diseases - correct answer acute = short term, develops quickly; e.g. High
fever, severe pain, etc
Chronic = develops gradually; milder symptoms, often intermitted with acute episodes
Subclinical state vs latent state vs prodromal period vs manifestations - correct
answer subclinical state = pathologic changes, no clinical manifestations
Latent state = no symptoms or clinical signs evident; in infectious diseases: "incubation period"
Prodromal period = early development of disease; signs are nonspecific "i feel yucky"
Manifestations = clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
Local vs systemic manifestations - correct answer local - at site of problem
Systemic - general indicators or illness; i.e. Fever
Specific change in tissues - local or generalized - correct answer lesions
Collection of signs and symptoms usually involving several body systems - correct
answer syndrome
Remissions vs exacerbations - correct answer "ups and downs" of a disease
, Remission - period which manifestations subside
Exacerbation - a worsening of severity
Condition that triggers an acute episode of a disease - correct answer precipitating factor
E.g. Cigarette smoke may trigger acute episode of bronchial asthma
Measures to promote recovery/healing - correct answer therapy
Result or outcome of a disease process - correct answer sequelae
Period of recovery and return to healthy state - correct answer convalescence or rehabilitation
New secondary or additional problems - correct answer complications
Morbidity vs mortality - correct answer morbidity - disease rates within a group that affect the
quality of life
Mortality - relative number of deaths resulting from a disease
Tracking the pattern of occurrence of disease - correct answer epidemiology
What happens when a cell is threatened? How does this happen? - correct answer it reacts by
adapting. If it cannot adapt, the cell dies. The cell adapts by: atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia, or dysplasia
Atrophy vs hypertrophy vs hyperplasia - correct answer atrophy = decrease in size of cells;
results in reduced tissue mass
Hypertrophy = increase in cell size; results in enlarged tissue mass
