Exam 1: NSG530/ NSG 530 (NEW 2025/ 2026
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review|
Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct
(Verified Solutions)- Wilkes
Cellular Function & Genetics
1. A 55-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents with
sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to his back. His BP is
180/110 mmHg. What is the most likely pathophysiological
mechanism?
A. Myocardial infarction due to coronary artery blockage
B. Aortic dissection due to increased stress on the aortic wall
C. Pulmonary embolism due to deep vein thrombosis
D. Pericarditis due to viral infection
Rationale: The patient's sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to
the back, along with a history of hypertension, strongly suggests an aortic
dissection. Hypertension increases stress on the aortic wall, leading to
tear and dissection. The pain is often described as sharp and tearing .
2. A biopsy of a chronic wound shows abundant granulation tissue with
many small blood vessels and fibroblasts. This phase of wound healing
is called:
,A. Hemostasis
B. Inflammatory phase
C. Proliferative phase
D. Maturation phase
Rationale: The proliferative phase (days 3-21) is characterized by
angiogenesis (new blood vessels), fibroplasia (fibroblast proliferation),
and the formation of granulation tissue. This phase rebuilds the tissue
framework .
3. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation
B. Cellular swelling
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by cell
shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane
blebbing. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis does NOT lead to inflammation or
cellular swelling .
4. Human cells can be categorized into two main types. What are they?
A. Somatic cells and stem cells
B. Gametes and somatic cells
C. Diploid cells and triploid cells
D. Germ cells and epithelial cells
,Rationale: Human cells are categorized into gametes (sperm and egg
cells) and somatic cells (all other cells in the body). Somatic cells are
diploid (46 chromosomes), while gametes are haploid (23
chromosomes) .
5. How many chromosomes are present in a normal human somatic
cell nucleus?
A. 23 chromosomes
B. 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
C. 46 unpaired chromosomes
D. 23 pairs of autosomes plus one sex chromosome pair
Rationale: Each somatic cell nucleus contains 46 chromosomes
arranged in 23 pairs. One chromosome in each pair comes from the father
and one from the mother .
6. What is the chromosome count in a normal human gamete?
A. 46 chromosomes
B. 23 pairs of chromosomes
C. 23 chromosomes (one member of each pair)
D. 46 unpaired chromosomes
Rationale: Gametes are haploid cells, containing only one member of
each chromosome pair for a total of 23 chromosomes. This haploid state
is achieved through meiosis .
, 7. By what process are new somatic cells formed?
A. Meiosis only
B. Mitosis and cytokinesis
C. Meiosis and fertilization
D. Binary fission
Rationale: Somatic cells reproduce through mitosis (nuclear division)
followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), producing two genetically
identical diploid daughter cells .
8. Haploid cells are formed from diploid cells by which process?
A. Mitosis
B. Binary fission
C. Meiosis
D. Fertilization
Rationale: Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, producing
four haploid daughter cells from one diploid cell. This is essential for
sexual reproduction .
9. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes
exchange genetic material?
Update) Advanced Pathophysiology Review|
Questions & Answers| Grade A| 100% Correct
(Verified Solutions)- Wilkes
Cellular Function & Genetics
1. A 55-year-old male with a history of hypertension presents with
sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to his back. His BP is
180/110 mmHg. What is the most likely pathophysiological
mechanism?
A. Myocardial infarction due to coronary artery blockage
B. Aortic dissection due to increased stress on the aortic wall
C. Pulmonary embolism due to deep vein thrombosis
D. Pericarditis due to viral infection
Rationale: The patient's sudden onset of severe chest pain radiating to
the back, along with a history of hypertension, strongly suggests an aortic
dissection. Hypertension increases stress on the aortic wall, leading to
tear and dissection. The pain is often described as sharp and tearing .
2. A biopsy of a chronic wound shows abundant granulation tissue with
many small blood vessels and fibroblasts. This phase of wound healing
is called:
,A. Hemostasis
B. Inflammatory phase
C. Proliferative phase
D. Maturation phase
Rationale: The proliferative phase (days 3-21) is characterized by
angiogenesis (new blood vessels), fibroplasia (fibroblast proliferation),
and the formation of granulation tissue. This phase rebuilds the tissue
framework .
3. Which of the following is a hallmark of apoptosis?
A. Inflammation
B. Cellular swelling
C. DNA fragmentation
D. Necrosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by cell
shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane
blebbing. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis does NOT lead to inflammation or
cellular swelling .
4. Human cells can be categorized into two main types. What are they?
A. Somatic cells and stem cells
B. Gametes and somatic cells
C. Diploid cells and triploid cells
D. Germ cells and epithelial cells
,Rationale: Human cells are categorized into gametes (sperm and egg
cells) and somatic cells (all other cells in the body). Somatic cells are
diploid (46 chromosomes), while gametes are haploid (23
chromosomes) .
5. How many chromosomes are present in a normal human somatic
cell nucleus?
A. 23 chromosomes
B. 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
C. 46 unpaired chromosomes
D. 23 pairs of autosomes plus one sex chromosome pair
Rationale: Each somatic cell nucleus contains 46 chromosomes
arranged in 23 pairs. One chromosome in each pair comes from the father
and one from the mother .
6. What is the chromosome count in a normal human gamete?
A. 46 chromosomes
B. 23 pairs of chromosomes
C. 23 chromosomes (one member of each pair)
D. 46 unpaired chromosomes
Rationale: Gametes are haploid cells, containing only one member of
each chromosome pair for a total of 23 chromosomes. This haploid state
is achieved through meiosis .
, 7. By what process are new somatic cells formed?
A. Meiosis only
B. Mitosis and cytokinesis
C. Meiosis and fertilization
D. Binary fission
Rationale: Somatic cells reproduce through mitosis (nuclear division)
followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), producing two genetically
identical diploid daughter cells .
8. Haploid cells are formed from diploid cells by which process?
A. Mitosis
B. Binary fission
C. Meiosis
D. Fertilization
Rationale: Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, producing
four haploid daughter cells from one diploid cell. This is essential for
sexual reproduction .
9. During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes
exchange genetic material?
