MN 551 MIDTERM EXAM (PURDUE)
NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM TEST
BANK| MN551 PATHO MIDTERM REVIEW
WITH COMPLETE REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
(MOST RECENT!!)
Question 1
A 35-year-old female ultramarathon runner is admitted to the
hospital following a day-long, 50-mile race because her urinary
volume is drastically decreased and her urine is dark red. Tests
indicate that she is in the initiating phase of acute tubular necrosis.
Why is her urine red?
A) Hematuria
B) Hemoglobinuria
C) Myoglobinuria
D) Kidney bleeding
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C) Myoglobinuria
Rationale: Extreme exertion causes muscle breakdown
(rhabdomyolysis), releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream.
Myoglobin is filtered by the kidneys and turns urine dark red. Unlike
hemoglobinuria (from hemolysis) or hematuria (intact RBCs),
,myoglobinuria is characteristic of muscle injury from marathon
running .
Question 2
During a discussion on cellular components, a student asked the
instructor the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA). Which is the
most accurate ,,,answer,,,,?
A) Transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
B) Acts as an inner nuclear support membrane for a rigid network of
protein filaments that bind DNA to the nucleus
C) Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA
molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes in the
cytoplasm
D) Assists cells in forming neoplastic progression by altering the
response of chromatin in the nuclear matrix
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C) Performs an active role of protein synthesis,
where mRNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on
ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Rationale: mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus
to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it directs the sequence of
amino acids during protein synthesis. Option A describes tRNA, not
mRNA .
Question 3
A nurse notes that a client with cirrhosis has jaundiced sclerae.
,Jaundice is caused by excess accumulation of bilirubin, which can
accumulate in which part of the cell?
A) Nucleus
B) Cytoplasm
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B) Cytoplasm
Rationale: Bilirubin is a lipid-soluble pigment that accumulates in
the cytoplasm of cells, including hepatocytes and skin cells. It does
not accumulate in the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, or rough
endoplasmic reticulum .
Question 4
A 14-year-old female has been experiencing severe pelvic cramps,
weight loss, and rectal bleeding. The physician diagnosed her with
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). What has IBD been linked to?
A) Liver involvement in faulty glycogen stores
B) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the gastrointestinal system
C) Oversecretion of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas
D) Infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial toxins
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the
gastrointestinal system
Rationale: IBD has been linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
in intestinal epithelial cells. This stress triggers the unfolded protein
response (UPR), leading to inflammation and cell death in the GI
tract .
, Question 5
Which of the following statements is true of mitochondria?
A) They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
B) The number of mitochondria in a cell is equal to the number of
nuclei
C) They are replicated within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
D) Mitochondrial DNA is inherited patrilineally
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: A) They are the site of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) production
Rationale: Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell,
producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial
DNA is maternally inherited, not patrilineally. The number of
mitochondria varies widely by cell type and does not equal the
number of nuclei .
Question 6
A community health worker explains to factory workers the
importance of wearing gloves when working with strong chemicals.
Which characteristic of cell membranes underlies this teaching?
A) Cell membranes are impermeable to all but lipid-soluble
substances
B) Cell membranes have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
C) Cell membranes contain receptors for hormones and biologically
active substances
NEWEST 2026 ACTUAL EXAM TEST
BANK| MN551 PATHO MIDTERM REVIEW
WITH COMPLETE REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED A+
(MOST RECENT!!)
Question 1
A 35-year-old female ultramarathon runner is admitted to the
hospital following a day-long, 50-mile race because her urinary
volume is drastically decreased and her urine is dark red. Tests
indicate that she is in the initiating phase of acute tubular necrosis.
Why is her urine red?
A) Hematuria
B) Hemoglobinuria
C) Myoglobinuria
D) Kidney bleeding
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C) Myoglobinuria
Rationale: Extreme exertion causes muscle breakdown
(rhabdomyolysis), releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream.
Myoglobin is filtered by the kidneys and turns urine dark red. Unlike
hemoglobinuria (from hemolysis) or hematuria (intact RBCs),
,myoglobinuria is characteristic of muscle injury from marathon
running .
Question 2
During a discussion on cellular components, a student asked the
instructor the purpose of messenger RNA (mRNA). Which is the
most accurate ,,,answer,,,,?
A) Transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis
B) Acts as an inner nuclear support membrane for a rigid network of
protein filaments that bind DNA to the nucleus
C) Performs an active role of protein synthesis, where mRNA
molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes in the
cytoplasm
D) Assists cells in forming neoplastic progression by altering the
response of chromatin in the nuclear matrix
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C) Performs an active role of protein synthesis,
where mRNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on
ribosomes in the cytoplasm
Rationale: mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus
to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it directs the sequence of
amino acids during protein synthesis. Option A describes tRNA, not
mRNA .
Question 3
A nurse notes that a client with cirrhosis has jaundiced sclerae.
,Jaundice is caused by excess accumulation of bilirubin, which can
accumulate in which part of the cell?
A) Nucleus
B) Cytoplasm
C) Golgi apparatus
D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B) Cytoplasm
Rationale: Bilirubin is a lipid-soluble pigment that accumulates in
the cytoplasm of cells, including hepatocytes and skin cells. It does
not accumulate in the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, or rough
endoplasmic reticulum .
Question 4
A 14-year-old female has been experiencing severe pelvic cramps,
weight loss, and rectal bleeding. The physician diagnosed her with
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). What has IBD been linked to?
A) Liver involvement in faulty glycogen stores
B) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the gastrointestinal system
C) Oversecretion of insulin from the beta cells in the pancreas
D) Infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial toxins
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the
gastrointestinal system
Rationale: IBD has been linked to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress
in intestinal epithelial cells. This stress triggers the unfolded protein
response (UPR), leading to inflammation and cell death in the GI
tract .
, Question 5
Which of the following statements is true of mitochondria?
A) They are the site of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
B) The number of mitochondria in a cell is equal to the number of
nuclei
C) They are replicated within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
D) Mitochondrial DNA is inherited patrilineally
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: A) They are the site of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) production
Rationale: Mitochondria are the "powerhouses" of the cell,
producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial
DNA is maternally inherited, not patrilineally. The number of
mitochondria varies widely by cell type and does not equal the
number of nuclei .
Question 6
A community health worker explains to factory workers the
importance of wearing gloves when working with strong chemicals.
Which characteristic of cell membranes underlies this teaching?
A) Cell membranes are impermeable to all but lipid-soluble
substances
B) Cell membranes have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
C) Cell membranes contain receptors for hormones and biologically
active substances
