NSG 5140 Midterm and Final Exam Review Adv
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions
and Answers | 100% Pass Guaranteed | Graded
A+ | This content is designed to reflect
graduate-level material and exam standards
1. A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with confusion,
ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
C. Thiamine (B1)
D. Vitamin D
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Thiamine (B1)
Rationale: These are classic signs of Wernicke encephalopathy, caused
by thiamine deficiency, common in chronic alcoholism.
2. Which immunoglobulin is elevated in acute allergic reactions and
parasitic infections?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgE
D. IgM
,Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. IgE
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering histamine
release in type I hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections.
3. What is the primary intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Chloride
C. Calcium
D. Potassium
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: D. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the main intracellular cation, maintaining resting
membrane potential and cellular function.
4. Which acid-base imbalance is caused by prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Metabolic alkalosis
Rationale: Loss of gastric acid (HCl) increases serum bicarbonate,
leading to metabolic alkalosis.
,5. A patient with heart failure develops peripheral edema. This is
primarily due to:
A. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: Heart failure increases venous pressure, raising capillary
hydrostatic pressure and forcing fluid into interstitial space.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T
lymphocytes?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: D. Type IV
Rationale: Type IV hypersensitivity is delayed and cell-mediated, involving
T cells (e.g., contact dermatitis, tuberculin reaction).
7. A patient has hyperkalemia. Which ECG change is expected?
A. Flattened T waves
B. Prominent U waves
C. Peaked T waves
D. Prolonged QT interval
, Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Peaked T waves
Rationale: Hyperkalemia increases myocardial excitability, causing tall,
peaked T waves, which can progress to wide QRS and cardiac arrest.
8. In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the underlying pathology is:
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Increased glucose production
D. Decreased insulin sensitivity
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 DM results from T-cell-mediated destruction of
pancreatic beta cells, causing absolute insulin deficiency.
9. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning for cardiac
arrhythmias?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Hypokalemia prolongs repolarization, leading to U waves,
ventricular arrhythmias, and increased digoxin toxicity risk.
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions
and Answers | 100% Pass Guaranteed | Graded
A+ | This content is designed to reflect
graduate-level material and exam standards
1. A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with confusion,
ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely?
A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin B12
C. Thiamine (B1)
D. Vitamin D
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Thiamine (B1)
Rationale: These are classic signs of Wernicke encephalopathy, caused
by thiamine deficiency, common in chronic alcoholism.
2. Which immunoglobulin is elevated in acute allergic reactions and
parasitic infections?
A. IgA
B. IgG
C. IgE
D. IgM
,Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. IgE
Rationale: IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering histamine
release in type I hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections.
3. What is the primary intracellular cation?
A. Sodium
B. Chloride
C. Calcium
D. Potassium
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: D. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the main intracellular cation, maintaining resting
membrane potential and cellular function.
4. Which acid-base imbalance is caused by prolonged vomiting?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Metabolic alkalosis
D. Respiratory alkalosis
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Metabolic alkalosis
Rationale: Loss of gastric acid (HCl) increases serum bicarbonate,
leading to metabolic alkalosis.
,5. A patient with heart failure develops peripheral edema. This is
primarily due to:
A. Decreased capillary oncotic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Lymphatic obstruction
D. Decreased antidiuretic hormone
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: Heart failure increases venous pressure, raising capillary
hydrostatic pressure and forcing fluid into interstitial space.
6. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T
lymphocytes?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: D. Type IV
Rationale: Type IV hypersensitivity is delayed and cell-mediated, involving
T cells (e.g., contact dermatitis, tuberculin reaction).
7. A patient has hyperkalemia. Which ECG change is expected?
A. Flattened T waves
B. Prominent U waves
C. Peaked T waves
D. Prolonged QT interval
, Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Peaked T waves
Rationale: Hyperkalemia increases myocardial excitability, causing tall,
peaked T waves, which can progress to wide QRS and cardiac arrest.
8. In Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the underlying pathology is:
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
C. Increased glucose production
D. Decreased insulin sensitivity
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 DM results from T-cell-mediated destruction of
pancreatic beta cells, causing absolute insulin deficiency.
9. Which electrolyte imbalance is most concerning for cardiac
arrhythmias?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hypernatremia
C. Hypokalemia
D. Hypophosphatemia
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Hypokalemia
Rationale: Hypokalemia prolongs repolarization, leading to U waves,
ventricular arrhythmias, and increased digoxin toxicity risk.
