NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review Adv
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions
and Answers | 100% Pass,,,
Question 1
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of
cellular injury in hypoxia?
A. Free radical damage
B. ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
C. DNA mutation
D. Lipid peroxidation
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. ATP depletion leading to loss of ion
homeostasis
Rationale: Hypoxia limits oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing
ATP production. This leads to failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump,
causing cellular swelling and eventual cell death .
Question 2
A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular wall
thickening. Which mechanism best explains this adaptation?
A. Increased myocyte number due to cell division
B. Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
,C. Replacement of cardiac cells with fibrous tissue
D. Transformation of cardiac cells into smooth muscle
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Increased myocyte size due to increased
workload
Rationale: Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and
respond to increased workload (afterload) by hypertrophy
(increased cell size), not hyperplasia .
Question 3
Which of the following is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Cellular swelling
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Apoptosis
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Cellular swelling
Rationale: Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps
leading to water influx and cell swelling. This occurs before
irreversible changes like nuclear pyknosis or karyorrhexis .
Question 4
Which mediator is primarily responsible for early vasodilation in
acute inflammation?
,A. Leukotrienes
B. Histamine
C. Prostaglandins
D. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Histamine
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes rapid
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability during acute
inflammation, producing the classic signs of redness and swelling .
Question 5
How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?
A. Apoptosis causes inflammation
B. Apoptosis is always pathologic
C. Apoptosis requires ATP
D. Apoptosis results in cell membrane rupture
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Apoptosis requires ATP
Rationale: Apoptosis is an orderly, energy-dependent (requires
ATP) process of programmed cell death that removes damaged or
unneeded cells without eliciting a significant inflammatory
response. Necrosis is unregulated and triggers inflammation .
, Question 6
Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: A. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture for
several days and is typical of ischemic injury in solid organs such as
the heart and kidney .
Question 7
Which immunoglobulin is produced first during a primary immune
response?
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgG
D. IgM
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: D. IgM
Rationale: IgM is the first antibody produced during an initial
antigen exposure, indicating recent or acute infection. IgG appears
later and provides long-term immunity .
Pathophysiology South College NSG 5140
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam Questions
and Answers | 100% Pass,,,
Question 1
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of
cellular injury in hypoxia?
A. Free radical damage
B. ATP depletion leading to loss of ion homeostasis
C. DNA mutation
D. Lipid peroxidation
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. ATP depletion leading to loss of ion
homeostasis
Rationale: Hypoxia limits oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing
ATP production. This leads to failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump,
causing cellular swelling and eventual cell death .
Question 2
A patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular wall
thickening. Which mechanism best explains this adaptation?
A. Increased myocyte number due to cell division
B. Increased myocyte size due to increased workload
,C. Replacement of cardiac cells with fibrous tissue
D. Transformation of cardiac cells into smooth muscle
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Increased myocyte size due to increased
workload
Rationale: Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and
respond to increased workload (afterload) by hypertrophy
(increased cell size), not hyperplasia .
Question 3
Which of the following is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Cellular swelling
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Apoptosis
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Cellular swelling
Rationale: Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps
leading to water influx and cell swelling. This occurs before
irreversible changes like nuclear pyknosis or karyorrhexis .
Question 4
Which mediator is primarily responsible for early vasodilation in
acute inflammation?
,A. Leukotrienes
B. Histamine
C. Prostaglandins
D. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: B. Histamine
Rationale: Histamine released from mast cells causes rapid
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability during acute
inflammation, producing the classic signs of redness and swelling .
Question 5
How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?
A. Apoptosis causes inflammation
B. Apoptosis is always pathologic
C. Apoptosis requires ATP
D. Apoptosis results in cell membrane rupture
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: C. Apoptosis requires ATP
Rationale: Apoptosis is an orderly, energy-dependent (requires
ATP) process of programmed cell death that removes damaged or
unneeded cells without eliciting a significant inflammatory
response. Necrosis is unregulated and triggers inflammation .
, Question 6
Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: A. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture for
several days and is typical of ischemic injury in solid organs such as
the heart and kidney .
Question 7
Which immunoglobulin is produced first during a primary immune
response?
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgG
D. IgM
Correct ,,,answer,,,,: D. IgM
Rationale: IgM is the first antibody produced during an initial
antigen exposure, indicating recent or acute infection. IgG appears
later and provides long-term immunity .
