WGU D027 ADVANCED PATHOPHARMACOLOGICAL
FOUNDATIONS Question and Answer 2026 |
Comprehensive Revision Pack with Rationales |
A+ Verified
• Klinefelter syndrome -✓✓A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X
chromosome
• Turner Syndrome -✓✓A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X
chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
• Alpha Thalassemia -✓✓Severe anemia, do not give ferrous sulfate
• B and T cells -✓✓Mature in bone marrow, the go to thymus/spleen/liver
• Lichen planus -✓✓causes extreme itching
• Pityriasis Rosea -✓✓Itchy patch-like rash in children
• actinic keratosis -✓✓caused by UV exposure, precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
• Glucocorticoids -✓✓Tx for cancers that arise from lymphoma tissue, can be toxicities
with long term treatment
• Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) -✓✓Tamoxifen; used for pts with
hormone-receptor positive breast cancer after mastectomy
• Normal EF -✓✓55-60%
• Best way to look at structure/fxn of heart -✓✓Echo
• Left sided heart failure -✓✓affects pulmonary vasculature, increased JVP, S3, rales
• right sided heart failure -✓✓1. Jungular Vein Distention
2. Ascending Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. Hepatomegaly (Liver Enlargement)
• Stage 1 hypertension -✓✓130-139/80-89
• Stage 2 hypertension -✓✓>140 or >90
, • first line HTN drugs -✓✓ACE-I
ARB
CCB
Thiazide diuretics
• Ischemic heart disease -✓✓Chest discomfort, physical exam normal; must take
aspirin or another antithrombic
• EKG changes with MI -✓✓ST elevation is usually MI, while ST depression is angina
• chronic bronchitis -✓✓excess mucus production, chronic productive cough, smooth
muscle hypertrophy
• Emphysema -✓✓decrease in alpha1-antitrypsin
• Asthma -✓✓Obstruction reversible! Know triggers, usually worse at night
• common ICS -✓✓Budesonide, Fluticasone
• Common LABAs -✓✓Salmeterol, Formoterol
• Back Pain -✓✓Do not give narcotics/opioids; H&P is good for diagnosis if in first 4-6
wks of pain
• acromegaly -✓✓overproduction of growth hormone
• Addison's disease -✓✓a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not
produce enough cortisol or aldosterone
• Hyperthyroidism -✓✓Tx with PTU
• GFR in CKD -✓✓Good >90, Stage 5 <15, need dialysis
• ACE inhibitors adverse effects -✓✓cough, hyperkalemia, fetal injury, angioedema
• Beta blockers (beta adrenergic antagonist) -✓✓Propanolol is nonselective, should not
be used in patients with asthma; should be give to patients for 6 months after AMI
• Statins -✓✓Muscle pain is an emergency -> rhabdo
• Hemoglobin A1C -✓✓Goal <6.5%, poor>9%
FOUNDATIONS Question and Answer 2026 |
Comprehensive Revision Pack with Rationales |
A+ Verified
• Klinefelter syndrome -✓✓A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X
chromosome
• Turner Syndrome -✓✓A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X
chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
• Alpha Thalassemia -✓✓Severe anemia, do not give ferrous sulfate
• B and T cells -✓✓Mature in bone marrow, the go to thymus/spleen/liver
• Lichen planus -✓✓causes extreme itching
• Pityriasis Rosea -✓✓Itchy patch-like rash in children
• actinic keratosis -✓✓caused by UV exposure, precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
• Glucocorticoids -✓✓Tx for cancers that arise from lymphoma tissue, can be toxicities
with long term treatment
• Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) -✓✓Tamoxifen; used for pts with
hormone-receptor positive breast cancer after mastectomy
• Normal EF -✓✓55-60%
• Best way to look at structure/fxn of heart -✓✓Echo
• Left sided heart failure -✓✓affects pulmonary vasculature, increased JVP, S3, rales
• right sided heart failure -✓✓1. Jungular Vein Distention
2. Ascending Dependent Edema
3. Weight Gain
4. Hepatomegaly (Liver Enlargement)
• Stage 1 hypertension -✓✓130-139/80-89
• Stage 2 hypertension -✓✓>140 or >90
, • first line HTN drugs -✓✓ACE-I
ARB
CCB
Thiazide diuretics
• Ischemic heart disease -✓✓Chest discomfort, physical exam normal; must take
aspirin or another antithrombic
• EKG changes with MI -✓✓ST elevation is usually MI, while ST depression is angina
• chronic bronchitis -✓✓excess mucus production, chronic productive cough, smooth
muscle hypertrophy
• Emphysema -✓✓decrease in alpha1-antitrypsin
• Asthma -✓✓Obstruction reversible! Know triggers, usually worse at night
• common ICS -✓✓Budesonide, Fluticasone
• Common LABAs -✓✓Salmeterol, Formoterol
• Back Pain -✓✓Do not give narcotics/opioids; H&P is good for diagnosis if in first 4-6
wks of pain
• acromegaly -✓✓overproduction of growth hormone
• Addison's disease -✓✓a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not
produce enough cortisol or aldosterone
• Hyperthyroidism -✓✓Tx with PTU
• GFR in CKD -✓✓Good >90, Stage 5 <15, need dialysis
• ACE inhibitors adverse effects -✓✓cough, hyperkalemia, fetal injury, angioedema
• Beta blockers (beta adrenergic antagonist) -✓✓Propanolol is nonselective, should not
be used in patients with asthma; should be give to patients for 6 months after AMI
• Statins -✓✓Muscle pain is an emergency -> rhabdo
• Hemoglobin A1C -✓✓Goal <6.5%, poor>9%
