CHAMBERLAIN NR 325 ADULT HEALTH II
FINAL STUDY GUIDE EXAM (2026)
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Describe the pathophysiology of diabetes.
• A chronic multisystem disease characterized by hyperglycemia from abnormal insulin
production, impaired insulin use, or both.
• Primary disorder of glucose metabolism related absent or insufficient insulin supply
and/or poor use of the available insulin.
• Two common types of diabetes are:
o Type I- autoimmune disorder in which the body develops antibodies against
insulin and/or the pancreatic b-cells that make insulin.
o Type II- combination of inadequate insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 Type 2
Onset The onset is rapid. The onset is gradual.
The islet cell autoantibodies responsible for The person goes years with undetected
b-cell destruction are present for months to hyperglycemia and few. Diagnose to
years before the onset of symptoms. routine laboratory
Manifestations develop when the pancreas
can no longer make enough insulin to
maintain a normal glucose.
Insulin No insulin production Inadequate insulin secretion and insulin
Production resistance
Clinical Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
Manifestations Weakness and fatigue Fatigue, recurrent infections, recurrent
vaginal yeast or candida infections,
prolonged wound healing, and vision
problems
What are risk factors for developing Type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Genetic predisposal
Diet
,List the normal range and reasons for abnormal results for the following laboratory tests.
Lab Normal Range Reasons for Abnormal Results
Hemoglobin A1C Less than 6.5 6.5 % or higher
Fasting Blood 76-126 mg/dL 126 mg/dL or greater
Glucose
2 Hour Plasma Less than 200 mg/dL 200 mg/dL or greater
Glucose
Match the name to the type of insulin and list the peak time for each.
A. Glargine (Lantus) B Rapid-acting insulin / Peak time: _30 min-3 hr
B. Lispro C Short-acting insulin / Peak time 2-5 hr
C. Regular D Intermediate acting insulin / Peak time: _4-12 hr
D. NPH _A Long-acting insulin / Peak time: no pronounced peak
Why may a client diagnosed with diabetes have ketones in the urine?
When circulating supply of insulin is insufficient, glucose cannot be properly used for energy.
The body compensates by breaking down the fat stores as a secondary source of fuel.
List priority teaching points for the following topics when educating a client
diagnosed with diabetes.
A. Blood glucose monitoring:
• Type I usually check blood glucose before meals and check 2 hours after meals to ensure
bolus insulin dose was effective
• During illness, check blood glucose in 4 hour intervals
• Monitor blood glucose before and after exercise especially in type I
• Recommended if patient get multiple insulin injections or insulin pump, to check 4 to 8
times a day
• Blood can also be collected on forearm or palm
, • Wash hands and dry completely. Alcohol wipes are not necessary
• Warm hands or let the arms hang dependently if blood is hard to get
• Place lancet in device. Use the side of the finger pad because it is fewer nerve endings
B. Medication:
Rapid acting
• Lispro (Humalog)
• Aspart (Novolog)
• Glulisine (Apidra)
Short acting
• Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
• Intermediate acting
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
• giving at bedtime
Long acting
• Detemir (Levemir)
• Glargine (Lantus, Basaglar, Toujeo)
• In am or at bedtime
Oral medication
• Biguanides- metformin
• Sulfonylureas- glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide
C. Hypoglycemia management:
• s/s- BG <70, cold clammy skin, numbness of fingers toes mouth, tachycardia, emotional
changes, headache, nervousness, tremors, faintness dizziness, unsteady gait slurred
speech, hunger, changes in vision, seizure coma
• Check blood glucose and determine cause of hypoglycemia
Conscious patient
• Eat or drink 15 g of quick -acting carbohydrate= 4-6 oz of regular soda, 5-8 LifeSavers, 1
Tb syrup or honey, 4 tsp jelly, 4-6 oz orange juice, commercial dextrose products
• Wait 15 minutes. Check blood glucose again
• If still < 70, repeat treatment of 15g of carbohydrate
• Once glucose level is stable, give additional food and protein or fat (crackers with peanut
butter or cheese) if meal is more than a 1 hr away or engaged in physical activity
FINAL STUDY GUIDE EXAM (2026)
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
Describe the pathophysiology of diabetes.
• A chronic multisystem disease characterized by hyperglycemia from abnormal insulin
production, impaired insulin use, or both.
• Primary disorder of glucose metabolism related absent or insufficient insulin supply
and/or poor use of the available insulin.
• Two common types of diabetes are:
o Type I- autoimmune disorder in which the body develops antibodies against
insulin and/or the pancreatic b-cells that make insulin.
o Type II- combination of inadequate insulin secretion and insulin resistance.
Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 Type 2
Onset The onset is rapid. The onset is gradual.
The islet cell autoantibodies responsible for The person goes years with undetected
b-cell destruction are present for months to hyperglycemia and few. Diagnose to
years before the onset of symptoms. routine laboratory
Manifestations develop when the pancreas
can no longer make enough insulin to
maintain a normal glucose.
Insulin No insulin production Inadequate insulin secretion and insulin
Production resistance
Clinical Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
Manifestations Weakness and fatigue Fatigue, recurrent infections, recurrent
vaginal yeast or candida infections,
prolonged wound healing, and vision
problems
What are risk factors for developing Type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Genetic predisposal
Diet
,List the normal range and reasons for abnormal results for the following laboratory tests.
Lab Normal Range Reasons for Abnormal Results
Hemoglobin A1C Less than 6.5 6.5 % or higher
Fasting Blood 76-126 mg/dL 126 mg/dL or greater
Glucose
2 Hour Plasma Less than 200 mg/dL 200 mg/dL or greater
Glucose
Match the name to the type of insulin and list the peak time for each.
A. Glargine (Lantus) B Rapid-acting insulin / Peak time: _30 min-3 hr
B. Lispro C Short-acting insulin / Peak time 2-5 hr
C. Regular D Intermediate acting insulin / Peak time: _4-12 hr
D. NPH _A Long-acting insulin / Peak time: no pronounced peak
Why may a client diagnosed with diabetes have ketones in the urine?
When circulating supply of insulin is insufficient, glucose cannot be properly used for energy.
The body compensates by breaking down the fat stores as a secondary source of fuel.
List priority teaching points for the following topics when educating a client
diagnosed with diabetes.
A. Blood glucose monitoring:
• Type I usually check blood glucose before meals and check 2 hours after meals to ensure
bolus insulin dose was effective
• During illness, check blood glucose in 4 hour intervals
• Monitor blood glucose before and after exercise especially in type I
• Recommended if patient get multiple insulin injections or insulin pump, to check 4 to 8
times a day
• Blood can also be collected on forearm or palm
, • Wash hands and dry completely. Alcohol wipes are not necessary
• Warm hands or let the arms hang dependently if blood is hard to get
• Place lancet in device. Use the side of the finger pad because it is fewer nerve endings
B. Medication:
Rapid acting
• Lispro (Humalog)
• Aspart (Novolog)
• Glulisine (Apidra)
Short acting
• Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R)
• Intermediate acting
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
• giving at bedtime
Long acting
• Detemir (Levemir)
• Glargine (Lantus, Basaglar, Toujeo)
• In am or at bedtime
Oral medication
• Biguanides- metformin
• Sulfonylureas- glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide
C. Hypoglycemia management:
• s/s- BG <70, cold clammy skin, numbness of fingers toes mouth, tachycardia, emotional
changes, headache, nervousness, tremors, faintness dizziness, unsteady gait slurred
speech, hunger, changes in vision, seizure coma
• Check blood glucose and determine cause of hypoglycemia
Conscious patient
• Eat or drink 15 g of quick -acting carbohydrate= 4-6 oz of regular soda, 5-8 LifeSavers, 1
Tb syrup or honey, 4 tsp jelly, 4-6 oz orange juice, commercial dextrose products
• Wait 15 minutes. Check blood glucose again
• If still < 70, repeat treatment of 15g of carbohydrate
• Once glucose level is stable, give additional food and protein or fat (crackers with peanut
butter or cheese) if meal is more than a 1 hr away or engaged in physical activity
