ANSWERS 2026 EDITION
1872 Hospital-Based Training Programs
Two formal hospital-based nursing programs started in Philadelphia and Boston.
1873 Expansion of Programs
Three additional nursing programs opened; by 1883 there were 35 hospital-based programs.
Private Duty Nurses
Graduates who cared for patients in their homes after hospital-based training.
ANA Position Paper (1965)
Recommended BSN as minimum for professional nursing; ADN for technical nurses.
Carnegie Report (2010)
Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation; reconsidered entry to practice.
Robert Wood Johnson / IOM Report (2011)
Nurses should practice to full extent of education and achieve higher education levels.
NAM Report 2021 Conclusion 3-1
Increase workforce numbers and address social determinants of health.
NAM Report 2021 Conclusion 3-2
Eliminate scope-of-practice restrictions for APRNs and RNs.
NAM Report 2021 Conclusion 3-3
Diversify racial, ethnic, and gender composition of nursing workforce.
AACN Essentials
Core competencies and curriculum standards for nursing education.
NLN
National League for Nursing.
AACN
American Association of Colleges of Nursing.
N-OADN
National Organization of Associate Degree Nursing.
, Accreditation
Process by which programs meet established educational standards.
Continuing Education (CE)
Ongoing education required for license renewal.
Power
Capacity to exert influence.
Reward Power
Influence through rewards.
Coercive Power
Influence through punishment or fear.
Legitimate Power
Authority granted by position.
Referent Power
Influence through relationships.
Expert Power
Influence through knowledge.
Informational Power
Influence through media or information.
Professional Unity
Collective voice of nurses to influence policy.
Autonomy
Independent nursing action within scope.
Accountability
Answerable for outcomes.
ANA Definition of Nursing
Protection, promotion, and optimization of health; prevention of illness; advocacy.
Professionalism
Commitment to standards, competence, and ethical practice.
NCLEX-RN