NURS 5366 NURSING RESEARCH STATISTICS – WEEK 5 STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS A+ VERIFIED LATEST VERSION (2026-2027)
1. Chapter 3: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, PROBABILITY, AND MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
2. descriptive Statistics: computed to reveal characteristics of the sample and to describe study variable
3. How to describe a sample: create a frequency distribution of the variable or variable being studied
- is a plot of one variable, whereby the x-axis consists of possible values of that variable , and the y - axis is tally of
each value
4. Inferential Statistics: computed to draw conclusions and make inferences about the greater population,
based on the sample data set.
5. Bi Modal: having or providing two modes, ,methods, systems, etc.
-having 2 values/categories that have highest occurrence and are equal frequencies
6. Central Tendency: indicator of center of data
-nominal variable= categorical ditterences EX: gender (tendency of samples of given measurement to cluster around
some central value.
Measures of Central tendency are descriptive statistics.
Statistics represent measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode (all are representations or descriptions
of the center or middle of a frequency distribution
mean= arithmetic average of all of the values of a variable.
median= exact middle value ( or average of the middle two values if there is an even number of observations)
mode= most commonly occurring value in a data set. can have more than one mode in a sample.
in a normal curve, mean, median and mode are equal or approximately equal
7. Multimodal: having more than 2 modes
8. Unimodal: When distribution only has one mode
-the frequencies progressively decline as they move away from the mode. Symmetrical distributions are usually uni
modal.
9. bimodal: means you have not defined your population if you find a bimodal
10. Mode: most frequently occurring measure (value or category) in (distribution) data
11. Mean: called location parameter
most frequent central tendency but requires interval and ratio data
-sum of values divided by total # of observations
12. Median: for ordinal, interval and ratio data, value in middle when you line up all measured values in order
from least to most, 50th percentile value.
, NURS 5366 NURSING RESEARCH STATISTICS – WEEK 5 STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS A+ VERIFIED LATEST VERSION (2026-2027)
-data that is rank ordered (ordinal, interval and ratio)
has second measure of central tendencies :median
13. Range: ditterence between maximum value and minimum value of variable in distribution
14. probability: chance that particular outcome will occur after an event
**long-run relative frequency EX: dice/100 rolls
15. Standard Deviation: average distance of values from variable mean. Large SD = spreading among
variable in data set is large.
FORMULA :
-1st find mean (average) then place in formula then square root (check mark with x)
-FORMULA to create SD variable with population data;
16. Long-Run relative frequency:
17. frequency distribution: lists all poss. outcomes of experiment and tallies # of times each outcome
occurs. Tallies are then graphed to make them easier to visualize and comprehend
18. Probability Distribution: graphs the prob. of all poss. outcomes of var. instead of frequency. Shows
prob. of all poss outcomes of var. looks alot like frequency, but represent 2 very distinct concepts.
19. Sampling Distribution: plots (actual) realized frequencies of a statistic versus range of possible values
that statistics can take
-
20. Normal Distribution: probability dist. where mean, median and mode are equal with a bell-shaped
distribution curve.
-68% of area under curve falls with in one SD of mean, 95% of area under curve falls it within two DS of mean,
increasing mean makes curve shift to right, decreasing ships curve to left, decreasing variance makes graph look
taller and skinnier, increasing variance = shorter and fatter
, NURS 5366 NURSING RESEARCH STATISTICS – WEEK 5 STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS A+ VERIFIED LATEST VERSION (2026-2027)
-the theoretical normal curve is symetrical and unimodal and has continuous values.
mean, median and mode are equal
21. theoretical normal curve:
22. Kurtosis: describes shape of distribution curve
- explains the degree of peakedness of the curve, which is related to the spread or variance of scores.
--Leptokurtic= extremely peaked curve
--mesokuric- intermediate degree of kurtosis
--platykuric- relatively flat curve
23. symmetrical curve: one in which the left side is mirror image of the right side. the mean, median and
mode are equal and are the diving point between the left and right sides of the curves.
24. Skewed Distributions
-asymmetrical: not a "normal distribution" of a sample
asymmetrical dist. of values of variance around means so one tail is longer than the other.
-any curve that is not symmetrical
-means mean, median and mode are not equal
25. Positively Skewed: the largest portion of data is below the mean
26. Negatively Skewed: the largest portion of data is above the mean
27. Z-score: standardized measure that indicates how many standard deviations value is from the mean value
28. Content Validity: When the instrument used is designed to accurately measure the concepts under study
29. Chapter 4: EVALULATING YOUR MEASURING TOOL
30. convergent validity: When the results obtained are similar to the results obtained with another previ-
ously validated test that measures the same thing
31. Correlation Coefficient: A test value used to determine how closely one measurement is related to a
second measurement
32. Divergent Validity: When the measurement of the opposite variable of a previously validated measure-
ment yields the opposite result
33. Efficiency (EFF): measures the probability of agreement between the screening test and the actual clinical
diagnosis
ANSWERS A+ VERIFIED LATEST VERSION (2026-2027)
1. Chapter 3: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, PROBABILITY, AND MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
2. descriptive Statistics: computed to reveal characteristics of the sample and to describe study variable
3. How to describe a sample: create a frequency distribution of the variable or variable being studied
- is a plot of one variable, whereby the x-axis consists of possible values of that variable , and the y - axis is tally of
each value
4. Inferential Statistics: computed to draw conclusions and make inferences about the greater population,
based on the sample data set.
5. Bi Modal: having or providing two modes, ,methods, systems, etc.
-having 2 values/categories that have highest occurrence and are equal frequencies
6. Central Tendency: indicator of center of data
-nominal variable= categorical ditterences EX: gender (tendency of samples of given measurement to cluster around
some central value.
Measures of Central tendency are descriptive statistics.
Statistics represent measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode (all are representations or descriptions
of the center or middle of a frequency distribution
mean= arithmetic average of all of the values of a variable.
median= exact middle value ( or average of the middle two values if there is an even number of observations)
mode= most commonly occurring value in a data set. can have more than one mode in a sample.
in a normal curve, mean, median and mode are equal or approximately equal
7. Multimodal: having more than 2 modes
8. Unimodal: When distribution only has one mode
-the frequencies progressively decline as they move away from the mode. Symmetrical distributions are usually uni
modal.
9. bimodal: means you have not defined your population if you find a bimodal
10. Mode: most frequently occurring measure (value or category) in (distribution) data
11. Mean: called location parameter
most frequent central tendency but requires interval and ratio data
-sum of values divided by total # of observations
12. Median: for ordinal, interval and ratio data, value in middle when you line up all measured values in order
from least to most, 50th percentile value.
, NURS 5366 NURSING RESEARCH STATISTICS – WEEK 5 STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS A+ VERIFIED LATEST VERSION (2026-2027)
-data that is rank ordered (ordinal, interval and ratio)
has second measure of central tendencies :median
13. Range: ditterence between maximum value and minimum value of variable in distribution
14. probability: chance that particular outcome will occur after an event
**long-run relative frequency EX: dice/100 rolls
15. Standard Deviation: average distance of values from variable mean. Large SD = spreading among
variable in data set is large.
FORMULA :
-1st find mean (average) then place in formula then square root (check mark with x)
-FORMULA to create SD variable with population data;
16. Long-Run relative frequency:
17. frequency distribution: lists all poss. outcomes of experiment and tallies # of times each outcome
occurs. Tallies are then graphed to make them easier to visualize and comprehend
18. Probability Distribution: graphs the prob. of all poss. outcomes of var. instead of frequency. Shows
prob. of all poss outcomes of var. looks alot like frequency, but represent 2 very distinct concepts.
19. Sampling Distribution: plots (actual) realized frequencies of a statistic versus range of possible values
that statistics can take
-
20. Normal Distribution: probability dist. where mean, median and mode are equal with a bell-shaped
distribution curve.
-68% of area under curve falls with in one SD of mean, 95% of area under curve falls it within two DS of mean,
increasing mean makes curve shift to right, decreasing ships curve to left, decreasing variance makes graph look
taller and skinnier, increasing variance = shorter and fatter
, NURS 5366 NURSING RESEARCH STATISTICS – WEEK 5 STUDY GUIDE AND PRACTICE QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS A+ VERIFIED LATEST VERSION (2026-2027)
-the theoretical normal curve is symetrical and unimodal and has continuous values.
mean, median and mode are equal
21. theoretical normal curve:
22. Kurtosis: describes shape of distribution curve
- explains the degree of peakedness of the curve, which is related to the spread or variance of scores.
--Leptokurtic= extremely peaked curve
--mesokuric- intermediate degree of kurtosis
--platykuric- relatively flat curve
23. symmetrical curve: one in which the left side is mirror image of the right side. the mean, median and
mode are equal and are the diving point between the left and right sides of the curves.
24. Skewed Distributions
-asymmetrical: not a "normal distribution" of a sample
asymmetrical dist. of values of variance around means so one tail is longer than the other.
-any curve that is not symmetrical
-means mean, median and mode are not equal
25. Positively Skewed: the largest portion of data is below the mean
26. Negatively Skewed: the largest portion of data is above the mean
27. Z-score: standardized measure that indicates how many standard deviations value is from the mean value
28. Content Validity: When the instrument used is designed to accurately measure the concepts under study
29. Chapter 4: EVALULATING YOUR MEASURING TOOL
30. convergent validity: When the results obtained are similar to the results obtained with another previ-
ously validated test that measures the same thing
31. Correlation Coefficient: A test value used to determine how closely one measurement is related to a
second measurement
32. Divergent Validity: When the measurement of the opposite variable of a previously validated measure-
ment yields the opposite result
33. Efficiency (EFF): measures the probability of agreement between the screening test and the actual clinical
diagnosis
