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CALT Exam Study Guide: Dyslexia & MSL Terminology 2025

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Master dyslexia intervention, MSL, Orton-Gillingham, phonology, morphology, and assessment terms. 250+ Q&As for CALT prep.CALT exam study guide, dyslexia intervention terms, MSL structured language, Orton Gillingham terminology, ALTA code of ethics, phonemic awareness defined, phonics vs phonology, morphology word study, language layers Anglo Saxon Latin Greek, decoding and encoding, rapid letter naming, Normans invasion English, synthetic vs analytic phonics, DIBELS TPRI PALS, Woodcock Johnson WRAT, GORT CTOPP, Keith Stanovich Matthew effect, Samuel Orton strephosymbolia, Anna Gillingham approach, NICHD reading research, academic language therapy, CALT test prep, dyslexia therapist certification

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1. Strephosymbolia: means twisted symbols. The first term Orton used for dyslexia.
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2. phonetics: the study of speech sounds in spoken language
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3. phonological awareness: the ability to focus on units of sound in spoken language at the
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sentence, word, syllable and phoneme levels
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4. phonemic awareness: awareness of speech sounds or phonemes in spoken words
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5. phonics: instruction that connects sounds and letters
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6. synthetic phonics: explicitly teaches individual grapheme-phoneme correspondences before they
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are blended to form syllables or whole words
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7. alphabetic principle: the understanding that spoken sounds are represented in print by written letters
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8. consonant: blocked / voiced or unvoiced sounds - a class of speech sounds with air flow that is constricted
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or obstructed
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9. vowel: open and voiced sounds - a class of open speech sounds produced by the passage of air through an
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open vocal tract
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10. phonology: the rules that determine how sounds are used in spoken language
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11. fluency: reading with rapidity and automaticity with prosody
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12. prosody: the rhythmic flow of oral reading
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13. pragmatics: set of rules that dictate communicative behavior and use of language, rules we communicate by
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14. syntax: sentence structure, grammar, usage
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15. semantics: content of language, used to express knowledge of the world around us - meaning
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16. phoneme: smallest unit of sound in a syllable
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17. spelling: sound to symbol / phoneme to grapheme, connect grapheme to phoneme
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18. orthography: the spelling of written language h. h. h. h. h.



19. orthographic memory: memory of letter patterns and word spellings
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20. metalinguistics: awareness of language as an entity h. h. h. h. h. h.



21. guided discovery: a method of leading students to new learning through questioning
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22. Heuristic: means to discover by demonstration
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23. grapheme: a letter or letter cluster that represents a single speech sound
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24. decoding: word recognition in which the phonetic code is broken down to determine a word
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25. blending: fusing individual sounds, syllables or words into meaningful units
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26. reading: symbol to sound / grapheme to phoneme
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27. morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit of language - a suflx, prefix, root or stem such as awe, dis, in,
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inter, or word part such as cat, man. etc.
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,Knowledge of word meaning, rapid word recognition, and spelling ability greatly depend on knowledge of word
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structure at the level of morphemes.
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28. morphology: the study of word formation patterns, meaningful units that make words
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29. fricative: a sound produced by forcing air through a narrow opening between the teeth or lips / f / / sh / / z /
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30. nasal sound: a sound produced by forcing air out through th nose / n / / m /
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31. continuant sound: a sound prolonged in its production / m / / s / / f /
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32. stop consonant sound: a sound obstructed / they must be clipped ott / b / / d /
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33. aspiration: putt of air h. h. h.



34. Norman Invasion: 1066 A.D., had a great ettect on English language, William the Conqueror, French
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spoken by upper class brought words like furniture, painter, tailor, beef, pork, mutton, Brought monks who
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added w and u, also the dot for the i and tail for the j. Alphabet complete at 26 letters
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35. Number words one to a thousand: Anglo-Saxon h. h. h. h. h. h.



36. Most of the basic color words: Anglo-Saxon
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37. The names of farm, forest and ocean animals: Anglo-Saxon
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38. Outer body parts: Anglo-Saxon
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39. Short, common everyday words: the, run, and, play, work: Anglo-Saxon
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40. Words with gh: laugh, cough, right, high: Anglo-Saxon
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41. Words with ck: pick, duck, sack: Anglo-Saxon
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42. Words with k: king, kiss, kilt, hook: Anglo-Saxon
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43. Words with kn or gn in initial position: knee, knife, gnat, gnash: Anglo-Saxon
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44. Words with tw: twin, twilight, between: Anglo-Saxon
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45. Words with wr: write, wring, wrist: Anglo-Saxon
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46. Short words with ch pronounced /ch/ chest, cheap: Anglo-Saxon
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47. One-syllable words with tch: witch, hatch, match: Anglo-Saxon h. h. h. h. h. h. h.



48. One-syllable words with dge: edge, ridge, hedge: Anglo-Saxon h. h. h. h. h. h. h.



49. Short words with th: this, these, bath: Anglo-Saxon
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50. Words with wh: why, while, when: Anglo-Saxon
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51. Words with double consonants: better, ladder, carrot: Anglo-Saxon
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52. One-syllable words that end in ff, ll ss Floss Words: Anglo-Saxon h. h. h. h. h. h. h. h. h. h.



53. Words with ow: plow, snow, brow, blow: Anglo-Saxon
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54. Short words with silent letters: walk, should, thumb, listen: Anglo-Saxon
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55. Wild Old Words: mind, most, kind: Anglo-Saxon
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, 56. Most pronouns: he, she, us: Anglo-Saxon
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57. Most F. S. S. words handle, thimble, twinkle: Anglo-Saxon
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58. Words with hard g before e and i: gift, giddy, girl, begin: Anglo-Saxon
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59. Words with ng: Anglo-Saxon
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60. Long words, three or more syllables: marvelous, fascinate: Latin
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61. Words with ct: act, direct, conduct: Latin
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62. Words with pt: apt, erupt, attempt: Latin
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63. Words with ti pronounced /sh/ partial, nation: Latin
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64. Words with ci pronounced /sh/ special, precious: Latin
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65. Words with sion: erosion, collision: Latin
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66. Words with ssion: passion, expression: Latin
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67. Words with double consonants near the beginning illegal, attract, occupy:
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Latin
68. Words with t pronounced /ch/: nature, punctual: Latin
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69. Words with d pronounced /j/ educate, graduate: Latin
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70. Words with silent initial h: hour, herb, honor: Latin
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71. Words with ular: regular, popular: Latin
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72. Words with j: joint, journal: Latin
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73. Words that are legal terms: justice, legal, judge: Latin
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74. Words with the soft c before e and i: cent, census, city: Latin
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75. Words with sc pronounced /s/: science, irascible, scissors: Latin
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76. Medical , technical and scientific words: Greek
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77. Words with ph: phrase, graph, phone: Greek
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78. Words with ch pronounced /k/: choir, ache, orchid: Greek
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79. Long words with the letter k: kilometer, kinescope: Greek
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80. Long words or short, unfamiliar words with th: thermos, athlete:
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Greekh .



81. Words with medial y: cycle, gymnastics, thyme: Greek
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82. Words related to Olympics: marathon, discus, meter: Greek
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83. Words related to theater: comedy, tragedy, orchestra: Greek
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84. Words with rh: rhyme, rhombus: Greek
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