NUR 546/NUR546 Final Exam V2 |
Advanced Pathophysiology Q&A with
Rationale | William Paterson University
1. A patient with long-term uncontrolled hypertension exhibits an increase in the size of the
left ventricular myocardial cells. This cellular adaptation is known as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells in response to
mechanical stimuli such as increased workload or pressure. In this case, the heart muscle
thickens to pump against the high resistance of hypertensive arteries. This process differs
from hyperplasia, which involves an increase in the number of cells rather than their size.
2. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies and
involves the release of histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
,D. Type IV
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction triggered
when an antigen binds to IgE on mast cells. This binding causes degranulation and the
release of inflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes. These substances lead
to symptoms such as vasodilation, edema, and bronchospasm seen in asthma or
anaphylaxis.
3. A 55-year-old male presents with a history of smoking and a chronic cough. Biopsy of his
bronchial lining reveals a change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium. This is called:
A. Metaplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another mature cell type, often due to chronic irritation. In smokers, the delicate ciliated
cells are replaced by tougher squamous cells to survive the smoke exposure. However, this
change results in the loss of vital functions like mucus clearance and cilia protection.
, 4. What is the primary pathophysiology behind the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
B. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
C. Overproduction of glucagon by alpha cells
D. Excessive intake of dietary glucose
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by an absolute deficiency of
insulin due to the immune system attacking the body’s own cells. T-cell mediated
destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans leads to
hyperglycemia. This condition usually requires lifelong exogenous insulin administration
for survival.
5. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the direct action of
Angiotensin II?
A. Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure
B. Stimulation of ADH release only
C. Inhibition of renin production in the kidneys
D. Potent vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone
Correct Answer: D
Advanced Pathophysiology Q&A with
Rationale | William Paterson University
1. A patient with long-term uncontrolled hypertension exhibits an increase in the size of the
left ventricular myocardial cells. This cellular adaptation is known as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells in response to
mechanical stimuli such as increased workload or pressure. In this case, the heart muscle
thickens to pump against the high resistance of hypertensive arteries. This process differs
from hyperplasia, which involves an increase in the number of cells rather than their size.
2. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is primarily mediated by IgE antibodies and
involves the release of histamine from mast cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type III
,D. Type IV
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction triggered
when an antigen binds to IgE on mast cells. This binding causes degranulation and the
release of inflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes. These substances lead
to symptoms such as vasodilation, edema, and bronchospasm seen in asthma or
anaphylaxis.
3. A 55-year-old male presents with a history of smoking and a chronic cough. Biopsy of his
bronchial lining reveals a change from ciliated columnar epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium. This is called:
A. Metaplasia
B. Anaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another mature cell type, often due to chronic irritation. In smokers, the delicate ciliated
cells are replaced by tougher squamous cells to survive the smoke exposure. However, this
change results in the loss of vital functions like mucus clearance and cilia protection.
, 4. What is the primary pathophysiology behind the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
B. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
C. Overproduction of glucagon by alpha cells
D. Excessive intake of dietary glucose
Correct Answer: A
Expert Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by an absolute deficiency of
insulin due to the immune system attacking the body’s own cells. T-cell mediated
destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans leads to
hyperglycemia. This condition usually requires lifelong exogenous insulin administration
for survival.
5. In the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), what is the direct action of
Angiotensin II?
A. Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure
B. Stimulation of ADH release only
C. Inhibition of renin production in the kidneys
D. Potent vasoconstriction and stimulation of aldosterone
Correct Answer: D
