APHY 102: Midterm-ivytech Practice
Exam with Guaranteed Pass Solutions
2026-2027 Updated.
What is a hormone and how does it act? - Answer Hormones are chemical messengers that
are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific
actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - Answer A
control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is paracrine? - Answer A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same
tissue.
What is autocrine? - Answer Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind
yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - Answer glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland? - Answer Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto
surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - Answer Pituitary Gland-In
the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - Answer Sex hormones and
adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter
cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to
DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs
protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - Answer Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body
fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of
, its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's
membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein
kinases. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes.
Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - Answer The
anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body
and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary
remains connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by
the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be
released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - Answer Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - Answer hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their
target organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? - Answer Anterior
Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control
growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate
production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge
and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex hormones in both
genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk
production, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones from
the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin
(OT)- smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may
stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity in
males.
Thyroid hormones:
calcitonin- controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration, thryoxine (T4)- more
prevalent in circulation, triiodothyronine (T3)- more potent than T4.
Parathyroid hormones:
parathyroid hormone (PTH)- increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood
phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Adrenal medulla hormones:
epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE)- increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease
digestion.
Exam with Guaranteed Pass Solutions
2026-2027 Updated.
What is a hormone and how does it act? - Answer Hormones are chemical messengers that
are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific
actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions - Answer A
control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
What is paracrine? - Answer A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same
tissue.
What is autocrine? - Answer Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind
yourself) common in cancer cells
What is endocrine gland - Answer glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
What is the exocrine gland? - Answer Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto
surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - Answer Pituitary Gland-In
the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of Esophagus
Adrenal Gland- Abdominal Area, above kidney.
Pancreas Gland- Abdominal Area
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - Answer Sex hormones and
adrenal cortex hormones. Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes and enter
cytoplasm or nucleus. Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to
DNA and promote transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs
protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action - Answer Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body
fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of
, its target cell, activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's
membrane. Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein
kinases. Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes.
Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior pituitary gland - Answer The
anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body
and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary
remains connected by the hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by
the hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be
released to and through the anterior pituitary
What regulates pituitary gland secretion - Answer Hypothalamus
What are tropic hormones? - Answer hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they are released from, what are their
target organs, how they are controlled, and how do they affect the body? - Answer Anterior
Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain
hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control
growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate
production of sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone (GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge
and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion of sex hormones in both
genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)- promotes milk
production, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones from
the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin
(OT)- smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may
stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity in
males.
Thyroid hormones:
calcitonin- controls blood calcium and phosphate ion concentration, thryoxine (T4)- more
prevalent in circulation, triiodothyronine (T3)- more potent than T4.
Parathyroid hormones:
parathyroid hormone (PTH)- increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood
phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Adrenal medulla hormones:
epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE)- increase heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease
digestion.
