BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Module 2 Exam: Inflammation and Repair
2026/2027 UPDATE
1. Which of the following cardinal signs of inflammation is primarily caused by
increased vascular permeability leading to fluid accumulation in the interstitial
space?
A. Rubor (Redness)
B. Dolor (Pain)
C. Calor (Heat)
D. Tumor (Swelling)
Answer: D
Rationale: Tumor, or swelling, is caused by the accumulation of fluid (exudate) in the
extravascular space due to increased capillary permeability.
2. During the cellular stage of acute inflammation, which leucocytes are the first
to arrive at the site of injury?
A. Monocytes
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Basophils
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the primary early responders in acute inflammation, arriving
within 90 minutes of injury.
,3. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the immediate
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability seen in the early inflammatory
response?
A. Interleukin-1
B. Histamine
C. Leukotrienes
D. C-reactive protein
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine, released by mast cells, is one of the first mediators of the
inflammatory response, causing rapid vasodilation.
4. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of which predominant
cell types?
A. Neutrophils and Platelets
B. Macrophages and Lymphocytes
C. Eosinophils and Basophils
D. Erythrocytes and Fibroblasts
Answer: B
Rationale: Unlike acute inflammation which is neutrophil-rich, chronic inflammation
involves mononuclear cells like macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
5. A surgical incision that is sutured closed heals by which type of intention?
A. Secondary intention
B. Tertiary intention
C. Primary intention
D. Granular intention
Answer: C
Rationale: Primary intention occurs when wound edges are closely apposed, such as in a
sutured surgical wound, resulting in minimal tissue loss.
, 6. Which phase of wound healing is characterized by the formation of
granulation tissue and the deposition of collagen?
A. Inflammatory phase
B. Remodeling phase
C. Proliferative phase
D. Hemostasis phase
Answer: C
Rationale: The proliferative phase focuses on building new tissue through fibroblast
activity, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis (granulation tissue).
7. What is the primary role of the complement system in the inflammatory
response?
A. To decrease blood flow to the area
B. To inhibit the release of prostaglandins
C. To promote the maturation of red blood cells
D. To enhance phagocytosis and cause bacterial lysis
Answer: D
Rationale: The complement system consists of plasma proteins that, when activated,
promote opsonization (phagocytosis), chemotaxis, and cell lysis via the membrane attack
complex.
8. A patient presents with a large open wound that requires significant tissue
replacement and forms a large scar. This is an example of:
A. Primary intention
B. Secondary intention
C. Regenerative healing
D. Epithelialization
Answer: B
2026/2027 UPDATE
1. Which of the following cardinal signs of inflammation is primarily caused by
increased vascular permeability leading to fluid accumulation in the interstitial
space?
A. Rubor (Redness)
B. Dolor (Pain)
C. Calor (Heat)
D. Tumor (Swelling)
Answer: D
Rationale: Tumor, or swelling, is caused by the accumulation of fluid (exudate) in the
extravascular space due to increased capillary permeability.
2. During the cellular stage of acute inflammation, which leucocytes are the first
to arrive at the site of injury?
A. Monocytes
B. Lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Basophils
Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the primary early responders in acute inflammation, arriving
within 90 minutes of injury.
,3. Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the immediate
vasodilation and increased capillary permeability seen in the early inflammatory
response?
A. Interleukin-1
B. Histamine
C. Leukotrienes
D. C-reactive protein
Answer: B
Rationale: Histamine, released by mast cells, is one of the first mediators of the
inflammatory response, causing rapid vasodilation.
4. Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of which predominant
cell types?
A. Neutrophils and Platelets
B. Macrophages and Lymphocytes
C. Eosinophils and Basophils
D. Erythrocytes and Fibroblasts
Answer: B
Rationale: Unlike acute inflammation which is neutrophil-rich, chronic inflammation
involves mononuclear cells like macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
5. A surgical incision that is sutured closed heals by which type of intention?
A. Secondary intention
B. Tertiary intention
C. Primary intention
D. Granular intention
Answer: C
Rationale: Primary intention occurs when wound edges are closely apposed, such as in a
sutured surgical wound, resulting in minimal tissue loss.
, 6. Which phase of wound healing is characterized by the formation of
granulation tissue and the deposition of collagen?
A. Inflammatory phase
B. Remodeling phase
C. Proliferative phase
D. Hemostasis phase
Answer: C
Rationale: The proliferative phase focuses on building new tissue through fibroblast
activity, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis (granulation tissue).
7. What is the primary role of the complement system in the inflammatory
response?
A. To decrease blood flow to the area
B. To inhibit the release of prostaglandins
C. To promote the maturation of red blood cells
D. To enhance phagocytosis and cause bacterial lysis
Answer: D
Rationale: The complement system consists of plasma proteins that, when activated,
promote opsonization (phagocytosis), chemotaxis, and cell lysis via the membrane attack
complex.
8. A patient presents with a large open wound that requires significant tissue
replacement and forms a large scar. This is an example of:
A. Primary intention
B. Secondary intention
C. Regenerative healing
D. Epithelialization
Answer: B
