BIOD 331 Module 3 Exam - Pathophysiology of Immune and Infectious
Disease 2026/2027 UPDATE
1. Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for Type I hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. IgE
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgA
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, where IgE binds to mast cells and
triggers histamine release upon allergen exposure.
2. Which of the following is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Allergic rhinitis
B. Poison ivy contact dermatitis
C. Serum sickness
D. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Answer: D
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves tissue-specific reactions, such as antibodies
attacking red blood cells in hemolytic disease of the newborn.
,3. Type III hypersensitivity reactions are primarily caused by which mechanism?
A. Cytotoxic T-cell destruction
B. Mast cell degranulation
C. Formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues
D. Direct antibody-mediated cell lysis
Answer: C
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves the deposition of antigen-antibody (immune)
complexes in tissues, leading to inflammation and damage.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response
mediated by T-cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type IV
D. Type III
Answer: C
Rationale: Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed-type reaction mediated by sensitized T-
lymphocytes rather than antibodies.
5. A hallmark clinical manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is:
A. Joint ankylosis
B. Progressive muscle weakness
C. Butterfly-shaped malar rash
D. Bilateral wheezing
Answer: C
Rationale: A malar rash across the cheeks and bridge of the nose is a classic diagnostic sign
of SLE.
, 6. The Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test is most commonly used to screen for
which condition?
A. HIV/AIDS
B. Septic Shock
C. Tuberculosis
D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Answer: D
Rationale: The ANA test is highly sensitive for SLE, identifying antibodies directed against
the cell nucleus.
7. What is the primary pathological feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
A. Degeneration of articular cartilage due to wear and tear
B. Chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane
C. Uric acid crystal deposition in joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint space
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation that
primarily targets the synovial lining of joints.
8. Which cell type is the primary target of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)?
A. B lymphocytes
B. CD8+ T cells
C. CD4+ T lymphocytes
D. Natural Killer cells
Answer: C
Rationale: HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T helper cells, which are central to coordinating
the immune response.
Disease 2026/2027 UPDATE
1. Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for Type I hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. IgE
B. IgG
C. IgM
D. IgA
Answer: A
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is IgE-mediated, where IgE binds to mast cells and
triggers histamine release upon allergen exposure.
2. Which of the following is an example of a Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Allergic rhinitis
B. Poison ivy contact dermatitis
C. Serum sickness
D. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Answer: D
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves tissue-specific reactions, such as antibodies
attacking red blood cells in hemolytic disease of the newborn.
,3. Type III hypersensitivity reactions are primarily caused by which mechanism?
A. Cytotoxic T-cell destruction
B. Mast cell degranulation
C. Formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues
D. Direct antibody-mediated cell lysis
Answer: C
Rationale: Type III hypersensitivity involves the deposition of antigen-antibody (immune)
complexes in tissues, leading to inflammation and damage.
4. Which type of hypersensitivity is characterized by a delayed response
mediated by T-cells?
A. Type I
B. Type II
C. Type IV
D. Type III
Answer: C
Rationale: Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed-type reaction mediated by sensitized T-
lymphocytes rather than antibodies.
5. A hallmark clinical manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is:
A. Joint ankylosis
B. Progressive muscle weakness
C. Butterfly-shaped malar rash
D. Bilateral wheezing
Answer: C
Rationale: A malar rash across the cheeks and bridge of the nose is a classic diagnostic sign
of SLE.
, 6. The Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test is most commonly used to screen for
which condition?
A. HIV/AIDS
B. Septic Shock
C. Tuberculosis
D. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Answer: D
Rationale: The ANA test is highly sensitive for SLE, identifying antibodies directed against
the cell nucleus.
7. What is the primary pathological feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
A. Degeneration of articular cartilage due to wear and tear
B. Chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane
C. Uric acid crystal deposition in joints
D. Bacterial infection of the joint space
Answer: B
Rationale: RA is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation that
primarily targets the synovial lining of joints.
8. Which cell type is the primary target of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)?
A. B lymphocytes
B. CD8+ T cells
C. CD4+ T lymphocytes
D. Natural Killer cells
Answer: C
Rationale: HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T helper cells, which are central to coordinating
the immune response.
