NUR 376 EXAM 1
BLUEPRINT & STUDY GUIDE
Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul
Pass the Exam with Confidence
This,exam,will,cover,modules,1-3b,and,consists,of,45,questions.
You,will,have,1.5,minutes,per,question.
The,test,will,have,multiple,choice,,select,all,that,apply,,matching,, an
d,sequence,questions.
See,below,for,an,explanation,of,the,aptitude,level, o
f,each,question.
We,wish,you,luck!
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
NUR ,,,, 376 ,,,, Exam ,,, ,,,,
#1 ,,,
Blueprint ,,,
by Rhaeven,,, Ortiz
This,exam,will,cover,modules,1-
3b,and,consists,of,45,questions.,You,will,have,1.5,minutes,per,question.,The,test,will,have,multiple,choice,,select,all,that,apply,,matching,,
and,sequence,questions.,See,below,for,an,explanation,of,the,aptitude,level,of,each, question.,We,wish,you,luck!
M Outcome Topic Bl #
o ,o of
, ,o ?s
d ,
m
,s
Module 1 Immunity, Infection & Inflammation (CH 9, 10, 11)
Copy,of,1,Inflammation,Outline
1 Distinguish,between Vascular,permeability U 1
, the,three,phases, of n
, inflammatory, rea During,this,phase,,blood,vessels,dilate,and,become,more,permeable,,allowing,immune,cells, a ,d
ction. nd,proteins,to,reach,the,injured,site.,This,results,in,redness,,warmth,,and,swelling ,e
,r
Cellular,Chemotaxis s,
Inflammatory,cells,,particularly,neutrophils,and,macrophages,,migrate,to,the,site,of,injury,in, re ta
sponse,to,chemical,signals.,These,cells,help,eliminate,pathogens,and,damaged,tissue ,n
,d
Downloaded,by,Benjamin,Luca,() 1
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
Systemic,Responses
The,body,initiates,a,systemic,inflammatory,response,,which,may,include,fever,,increased,white, bl
ood,cell,production,,and,the,release,of,inflammatory,mediators,such,as,cytokines.,This, response,
helps,coordinate,the,immune,system's,actions,to,address,injury,or,infection
1 Identify,key,lab, val Titer A 2
ues,in,inflammatory Titer,testing,measures,the,concentration,of,antibodies,in,the,blood,,which,helps,determine, imm p
, and, infectious,dise une,response,and,disease,exposure.,In,inflammatory,and,infectious,diseases,,titer,levels, provid ,p
ases. e,insight,into,past,or,current,infections,,vaccine,effectiveness,,and,immune,system, function l,
y
HIV R
In,HIV,(Human,Immunodeficiency,Virus),infection,,several,laboratory,values,are,crucial,for, di e
agnosis,,monitoring,disease,progression,,and,guiding,treatment.,These,include: ,
m
1. CD4+, T-Cell, Count
,e
● Normal,range:, 500–1,500, cells/mm³
,
● HIV,impact:,Progressive,HIV,infection,leads,to,a,decline,in,CD4,count. m
● Significance: ,b
○ ≥500,cells/mm³:,Normal,immune,function ,e
○ 200–499,cells/mm³:,Weakened,immune,system ,r
○ <200,cells/mm³:,AIDS,diagnosis,(high,risk,for,opportunistic,infections)
2. HIV,Viral,Load,(HIV,RNA)
● Measured,in,copies/mL,of,blood
● Undetectable,(<50,copies/mL):, Effective, antiretroviral, therapy, (ART)
● >100,000,copies/mL:,High,viral,load,,risk,of,rapid,disease,progression
● Used,to,assess:
○ Effectiveness,of,ART
○ Risk,of,transmission
3. Complete,Blood,Count,(CBC)
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, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
● Common,findings,in,HIV:
○ Leukopenia,(low,WBC,count):, Increased, infection, risk
○ Anemia,(low,RBC,count,and,hemoglobin):,Common,in,advanced,HIV
○ Thrombocytopenia,(low,platelets):,Can,cause,bleeding,tendencies
4. C-Reactive,Protein,(CRP), &,Erythrocyte, Sedimentation,Rate,(ESR)
● Markers,of,inflammation
● Elevated,in,HIV,due,to,chronic,immune,activation,and,secondary,infections
5. Liver,and,Kidney,Function,Tests
● ALT,,AST,(Liver,enzymes):,Can,be,elevated,due,to,ART,toxicity,or,hepatitis, co
-infection
● Creatinine,,BUN,(Kidney,function):,Monitored, for, ART-related, nephrotoxicity
6. CD4/CD8, Ratio
● Normal,range:, 1.0–2.5
● In,HIV:,The,ratio,decreases,as,CD4,cells,decline,and,CD8,cells,increase,,indicating, im
mune,system,damage
1 Recognize, stages, of E,coli R 1
infections,, portals,, of Stages,of,Infection e
entry,, and,modes,of 1. Incubation, Period ,
transmission of ○ Time,between,exposure,to,Escherichia,coli,(E.,coli),and,the,onset,of, sy m
,e
infectious,diseases. mptoms.
,
○ Can,range,from,a,few,hours,to,10,days,,depending,on,the,strain. m
2. Prodromal,Stage ,b
○ Early,,nonspecific,symptoms,like,mild,abdominal,discomfort,,nausea,,or, f ,e
atigue. ,r
3. Acute,Stage,(Illness,Phase)
○ Symptoms,peak,,including,severe,diarrhea,(sometimes,bloody),,abdominal, c
ramps,,vomiting,,and,fever.
○ Certain, strains, (e.g.,, E., coli, O157:H7), can, cause, hemolytic,uremic,syndrome
(HUS),,leading,to,kidney,damage.
4. Convalescent,Stage
○ Symptoms,resolve,,and,the,body,begins,to,recover.
○ Some,individuals,may,still,shed,bacteria,and,remain,contagious.
5. Resolution
○ The,infection,is,eliminated,,and,normal,health,is,restored.
Portals,of,Entry
● Oral-
Fecal,Route:,Ingesting,contaminated,food,(undercooked,beef,,raw,vegetables), or,wate
r.
● Urinary,Tract:,E.,coli,can,enter,the,urethra,,causing,urinary,tract,infections,(UTIs).
● Respiratory,Tract,(rare):,Aspiration,of,contaminated,water,droplets.
● Wounds/Skin:,Direct,contact,with,contaminated,surfaces,or,hands.
Modes,of,Transmission
● Direct,Contact:,Person-to-person,via,poor,hygiene,(e.g.,,unwashed,hands).
● Indirect,Contact:,Contaminated,surfaces,,utensils,,or,objects.
● Foodborne,Transmission:, Consumption, of, contaminated, meat,, dairy,, or, produce.
Downloaded,by,Benjamin,Luca,() 3
BLUEPRINT & STUDY GUIDE
Applied Pathophysiology - Concordia St. Paul
Pass the Exam with Confidence
This,exam,will,cover,modules,1-3b,and,consists,of,45,questions.
You,will,have,1.5,minutes,per,question.
The,test,will,have,multiple,choice,,select,all,that,apply,,matching,, an
d,sequence,questions.
See,below,for,an,explanation,of,the,aptitude,level, o
f,each,question.
We,wish,you,luck!
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
NUR ,,,, 376 ,,,, Exam ,,, ,,,,
#1 ,,,
Blueprint ,,,
by Rhaeven,,, Ortiz
This,exam,will,cover,modules,1-
3b,and,consists,of,45,questions.,You,will,have,1.5,minutes,per,question.,The,test,will,have,multiple,choice,,select,all,that,apply,,matching,,
and,sequence,questions.,See,below,for,an,explanation,of,the,aptitude,level,of,each, question.,We,wish,you,luck!
M Outcome Topic Bl #
o ,o of
, ,o ?s
d ,
m
,s
Module 1 Immunity, Infection & Inflammation (CH 9, 10, 11)
Copy,of,1,Inflammation,Outline
1 Distinguish,between Vascular,permeability U 1
, the,three,phases, of n
, inflammatory, rea During,this,phase,,blood,vessels,dilate,and,become,more,permeable,,allowing,immune,cells, a ,d
ction. nd,proteins,to,reach,the,injured,site.,This,results,in,redness,,warmth,,and,swelling ,e
,r
Cellular,Chemotaxis s,
Inflammatory,cells,,particularly,neutrophils,and,macrophages,,migrate,to,the,site,of,injury,in, re ta
sponse,to,chemical,signals.,These,cells,help,eliminate,pathogens,and,damaged,tissue ,n
,d
Downloaded,by,Benjamin,Luca,() 1
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
Systemic,Responses
The,body,initiates,a,systemic,inflammatory,response,,which,may,include,fever,,increased,white, bl
ood,cell,production,,and,the,release,of,inflammatory,mediators,such,as,cytokines.,This, response,
helps,coordinate,the,immune,system's,actions,to,address,injury,or,infection
1 Identify,key,lab, val Titer A 2
ues,in,inflammatory Titer,testing,measures,the,concentration,of,antibodies,in,the,blood,,which,helps,determine, imm p
, and, infectious,dise une,response,and,disease,exposure.,In,inflammatory,and,infectious,diseases,,titer,levels, provid ,p
ases. e,insight,into,past,or,current,infections,,vaccine,effectiveness,,and,immune,system, function l,
y
HIV R
In,HIV,(Human,Immunodeficiency,Virus),infection,,several,laboratory,values,are,crucial,for, di e
agnosis,,monitoring,disease,progression,,and,guiding,treatment.,These,include: ,
m
1. CD4+, T-Cell, Count
,e
● Normal,range:, 500–1,500, cells/mm³
,
● HIV,impact:,Progressive,HIV,infection,leads,to,a,decline,in,CD4,count. m
● Significance: ,b
○ ≥500,cells/mm³:,Normal,immune,function ,e
○ 200–499,cells/mm³:,Weakened,immune,system ,r
○ <200,cells/mm³:,AIDS,diagnosis,(high,risk,for,opportunistic,infections)
2. HIV,Viral,Load,(HIV,RNA)
● Measured,in,copies/mL,of,blood
● Undetectable,(<50,copies/mL):, Effective, antiretroviral, therapy, (ART)
● >100,000,copies/mL:,High,viral,load,,risk,of,rapid,disease,progression
● Used,to,assess:
○ Effectiveness,of,ART
○ Risk,of,transmission
3. Complete,Blood,Count,(CBC)
Downloaded,by,Benjamin,Luca,() 2
, lOMoARcPSD| 51648332
● Common,findings,in,HIV:
○ Leukopenia,(low,WBC,count):, Increased, infection, risk
○ Anemia,(low,RBC,count,and,hemoglobin):,Common,in,advanced,HIV
○ Thrombocytopenia,(low,platelets):,Can,cause,bleeding,tendencies
4. C-Reactive,Protein,(CRP), &,Erythrocyte, Sedimentation,Rate,(ESR)
● Markers,of,inflammation
● Elevated,in,HIV,due,to,chronic,immune,activation,and,secondary,infections
5. Liver,and,Kidney,Function,Tests
● ALT,,AST,(Liver,enzymes):,Can,be,elevated,due,to,ART,toxicity,or,hepatitis, co
-infection
● Creatinine,,BUN,(Kidney,function):,Monitored, for, ART-related, nephrotoxicity
6. CD4/CD8, Ratio
● Normal,range:, 1.0–2.5
● In,HIV:,The,ratio,decreases,as,CD4,cells,decline,and,CD8,cells,increase,,indicating, im
mune,system,damage
1 Recognize, stages, of E,coli R 1
infections,, portals,, of Stages,of,Infection e
entry,, and,modes,of 1. Incubation, Period ,
transmission of ○ Time,between,exposure,to,Escherichia,coli,(E.,coli),and,the,onset,of, sy m
,e
infectious,diseases. mptoms.
,
○ Can,range,from,a,few,hours,to,10,days,,depending,on,the,strain. m
2. Prodromal,Stage ,b
○ Early,,nonspecific,symptoms,like,mild,abdominal,discomfort,,nausea,,or, f ,e
atigue. ,r
3. Acute,Stage,(Illness,Phase)
○ Symptoms,peak,,including,severe,diarrhea,(sometimes,bloody),,abdominal, c
ramps,,vomiting,,and,fever.
○ Certain, strains, (e.g.,, E., coli, O157:H7), can, cause, hemolytic,uremic,syndrome
(HUS),,leading,to,kidney,damage.
4. Convalescent,Stage
○ Symptoms,resolve,,and,the,body,begins,to,recover.
○ Some,individuals,may,still,shed,bacteria,and,remain,contagious.
5. Resolution
○ The,infection,is,eliminated,,and,normal,health,is,restored.
Portals,of,Entry
● Oral-
Fecal,Route:,Ingesting,contaminated,food,(undercooked,beef,,raw,vegetables), or,wate
r.
● Urinary,Tract:,E.,coli,can,enter,the,urethra,,causing,urinary,tract,infections,(UTIs).
● Respiratory,Tract,(rare):,Aspiration,of,contaminated,water,droplets.
● Wounds/Skin:,Direct,contact,with,contaminated,surfaces,or,hands.
Modes,of,Transmission
● Direct,Contact:,Person-to-person,via,poor,hygiene,(e.g.,,unwashed,hands).
● Indirect,Contact:,Contaminated,surfaces,,utensils,,or,objects.
● Foodborne,Transmission:, Consumption, of, contaminated, meat,, dairy,, or, produce.
Downloaded,by,Benjamin,Luca,() 3
