BIOS 252 Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 1 Review 2026 |
Comprehensive Study Guide | Graded A+
1. What are the functions of the myelin sheath?
Protect the axon
Electrically insulate fibers from one another
Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission
All of the above
2. Describe how the parasympathetic nervous system contributes to
homeostasis in the body.
The parasympathetic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis by
calming the body and conserving energy during restful states.
The parasympathetic nervous system enhances alertness and
prepares the body for stress.
The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and
prepares the body for action.
The parasympathetic nervous system regulates digestion and
promotes energy expenditure.
3. What type of stimulus causes mechanically gated channels to open?
Chemical signals
Electrical impulses
Temperature changes
Physical deformation
,4. Which type of muscle has two sets of fibers that lie obliquely on both sides
of a common tendon?
Multipennate
Fusiform
Bipennate
Unipennate
5. Saltatory conduction refers to
production of an action potential by the movement of sodium ions.
transmission of impulses along dendrites.
transmission of an impulse between one neuron and another.
transmission of an impulse along a myelinated axon.
6. What is the primary role of an action potential in the nervous system?
To transmit nutrients to muscle cells.
To serve as a long-distance signal.
To initiate muscle contraction directly.
To facilitate the release of neurotransmitters.
7. In a situation where a person encounters a bear in the woods, which
physiological changes would you expect due to the sympathetic nervous
system activation?
Increased heart rate and heightened alertness
Decreased heart rate and increased digestion
Increased energy storage and relaxation
, Decreased alertness and sleepiness
8. Describe how elasticity contributes to the overall function of skeletal
muscles.
Elasticity is responsible for the generation of force during muscle
contraction.
Elasticity limits the range of motion of muscles to prevent injury.
Elasticity prevents muscles from contracting too quickly, ensuring
smooth movements.
Elasticity allows skeletal muscles to return to their original length
after contraction, facilitating repeated movements.
9. If a mutation affects the structure of the Z disc, what impact might this have
on muscle contraction?
It could impair the anchoring of thin filaments, affecting muscle
contraction.
It would increase the rate of ATP production in muscle fibers.
It would have no effect on muscle function.
It would enhance the strength of muscle contractions.
10. What happens to the Z lines during muscle contraction according to the
sliding filament theory?
They disappear completely.
They move further apart.
They remain stationary.
They move closer together.
, 11. What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Transmit signals from sensory receptors to motor neurons
Transmit motor commands to muscles
Analyze and coordinate signals within the CNS
Conduct sensory information to the CNS
12. Describe the role of the Krebs cycle in the overall process of cellular
respiration.
The Krebs cycle detoxifies harmful substances in the cell.
The Krebs cycle produces energy by oxidizing acetyl-CoA,
contributing to ATP production.
The Krebs cycle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
The Krebs cycle converts glucose directly into ATP.
13. Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical
excitability?
Both muscle cells and neurons are correct.
Muscle cells
Neurons
Osteocytes
14. If a person experiences an injury to the quadriceps, what specific movement
would likely be impaired?
Hip flexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
Comprehensive Study Guide | Graded A+
1. What are the functions of the myelin sheath?
Protect the axon
Electrically insulate fibers from one another
Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission
All of the above
2. Describe how the parasympathetic nervous system contributes to
homeostasis in the body.
The parasympathetic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis by
calming the body and conserving energy during restful states.
The parasympathetic nervous system enhances alertness and
prepares the body for stress.
The parasympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and
prepares the body for action.
The parasympathetic nervous system regulates digestion and
promotes energy expenditure.
3. What type of stimulus causes mechanically gated channels to open?
Chemical signals
Electrical impulses
Temperature changes
Physical deformation
,4. Which type of muscle has two sets of fibers that lie obliquely on both sides
of a common tendon?
Multipennate
Fusiform
Bipennate
Unipennate
5. Saltatory conduction refers to
production of an action potential by the movement of sodium ions.
transmission of impulses along dendrites.
transmission of an impulse between one neuron and another.
transmission of an impulse along a myelinated axon.
6. What is the primary role of an action potential in the nervous system?
To transmit nutrients to muscle cells.
To serve as a long-distance signal.
To initiate muscle contraction directly.
To facilitate the release of neurotransmitters.
7. In a situation where a person encounters a bear in the woods, which
physiological changes would you expect due to the sympathetic nervous
system activation?
Increased heart rate and heightened alertness
Decreased heart rate and increased digestion
Increased energy storage and relaxation
, Decreased alertness and sleepiness
8. Describe how elasticity contributes to the overall function of skeletal
muscles.
Elasticity is responsible for the generation of force during muscle
contraction.
Elasticity limits the range of motion of muscles to prevent injury.
Elasticity prevents muscles from contracting too quickly, ensuring
smooth movements.
Elasticity allows skeletal muscles to return to their original length
after contraction, facilitating repeated movements.
9. If a mutation affects the structure of the Z disc, what impact might this have
on muscle contraction?
It could impair the anchoring of thin filaments, affecting muscle
contraction.
It would increase the rate of ATP production in muscle fibers.
It would have no effect on muscle function.
It would enhance the strength of muscle contractions.
10. What happens to the Z lines during muscle contraction according to the
sliding filament theory?
They disappear completely.
They move further apart.
They remain stationary.
They move closer together.
, 11. What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?
Transmit signals from sensory receptors to motor neurons
Transmit motor commands to muscles
Analyze and coordinate signals within the CNS
Conduct sensory information to the CNS
12. Describe the role of the Krebs cycle in the overall process of cellular
respiration.
The Krebs cycle detoxifies harmful substances in the cell.
The Krebs cycle produces energy by oxidizing acetyl-CoA,
contributing to ATP production.
The Krebs cycle is responsible for the synthesis of proteins.
The Krebs cycle converts glucose directly into ATP.
13. Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical
excitability?
Both muscle cells and neurons are correct.
Muscle cells
Neurons
Osteocytes
14. If a person experiences an injury to the quadriceps, what specific movement
would likely be impaired?
Hip flexion
Ankle dorsiflexion
